religion

• Confucianism


  Chinese philosophy of Tao or the Way
• Tao


  Moral order that permeates the universe or the force beyond the natural order
• Taoic Religions


  • Confucianism
  • Taoism of China
  • Shintoism of Japan
• Goal of Taoic Religions


  To live in harmony with Tao
• Confucius


  Latinized version of Kongzi/Kung Fuzi (means "Master Kong")
• Confucius was born in Lu (now Shantung Province) in Qufu

  551 BCE
• BCE


  Before Christ / Before the Common Era
• Qiu Kong


  Qiu - personal name, Kong - family name
• In his 30s, Confucius was sometimes considered as the first person to devote his whole life to learn and teach for social transformation and improvement
• At age 51, Confucius became head of the country in Lu. He became the Minister of Industry, the Minister of Public Security and acting Prime Minister of Lu
• Confucius left Lu and wandered for 13 years
• At 67, Confucius returned to preserve his teachings and traditions by writing
• There were no mystical, mythical, supernatural, or extra–human events in Confucius' entire life
• Confucius died in 479 BCE at the age of 73 with 3000 followers
• The Five Classics (Wu–Ching)


  • Book of Changes (I Ching)
  • Book of History (Shu Ching)
  • Book of Poetry (Shih Ching)
  • Book of Classical Rites (Li Chi)
  • Spring and Autumn Annals (Ch'un Ch'iu)
• The Four Books


  • Analects (Lun Yu)
  • Great Learning (Ta Hsueh)
  • Doctrine of the Mean (Chung Yung)
  • Mencius (Meng Tzu)
• Tao


  Means path or way
• Tao


  The ultimate principle governing the universe
• Tian or Heaven


  An all–encompassing beyond human control
• Chun Tzu


  Being a mature, exemplary, or noble person. An ideal man.
• Five basic relationships


  • Parent–child
  • Ruler–subject
  • Husband–wife
  • Elder sibling–younger sibling
  • Friend–friend
• Zheng Ming or Rectification of Names


  Knowing your duties based on your role/s in society
• Social disharmony will occur if these roles will not be performed well
• Five Cardinal Virtues of Confucianism

  • Ren or Jen (humaneness or benevolence)
  • Li or Property (proper way of performing religious rites. Righteousness; Yi)
  • Shu or Reciprocity ("do not do unto others what you do not want others to do unto you")
  • Xiao or Filial Piety (the show of affection, respect, devotion and love among the family)
  • Wen or Culture (cultivating oneself to have sense and appreciation of culture)
• Filial Piety


  Family orientation. To show respect to those dead, they visit their graves even once a year— especially during Tomb Sweeping Day.
• Hun–Po or Soul


  Hun is the upper or intellectual soul while Po is the lower soul or the ghost
• Different Rituals


  • Coming of Age Rites
  • Capping Ceremony (for males)
  • Hair Pinning Ceremony (for females)
  • Mourning Rites
  • Marriage Rites and Ceremony
• Marriage is decided by the parents of the couple. Monogamy is preferred. Patience and love are cultivated. Includes giving of gifts.
• Festivals and Observations


  • Qingming Festival (Tomb Sweeping or Ancestors' day)
  • Chongmyo Taeje (honors the king and queen of the Yi dynasty)
  • Chinese New Year (September 28, the birthday of Confucius)
• The Chinese character for water is considered as a source of life and significant in sustaining life
• Denominations


  • Mohist School
  • Legalist School
  • Ruism or Ru School
• Hinduism


  Categorized as Dharmic Religions
• Dharma


  No exact and concrete meaning. Matter of practice is prioritized rather than beliefs
• Hinduism is considered as the 3rd largest world religion and is the oldest, started in 3000 BCE
• Hinduism is the most complex religion, with diverse, varied deities, practices and customs
• Origins of Hinduism cannot be described to a single founder
• Sanathana Dharma


  Traditional name for Hinduism, meaning "ancient right conduct"
• Hinduism


  A 19th century word, may be derived from the Persian word "hindu" or in Sanskrit "sindhu" which means river
• Arya Dharma


  Original name for Hinduism, meaning "Aryan Way of living or worship"
• Periods of Hinduism


  • Pre–vedic
  • Vedic
  • Upanishadic Era