gender

• Andocentric Bias

  When research focuses on male participants, that research is androcentric

  And when research lacks validity because it focuses on male participants, it suffers from androcentric bias

  e.g. Zimbardo, Ashe, Milgram
• Freud on gender bias:

  Freud’s theories suffer from androcentric alpha bias, because they suggest that there are enormous, permanent psychological differences between men and women, and that female traits were abnormal and inferior..
• Consequences of androcentrism

  • when researchers suffer from androcentrism
  • they reach invalid conclusions
  • providing inaccurate + misleading image on female behaviour
  • since experimental psychology as a discipline is so androcentric, researchers tend to be more interested in learning more about male behaviour
  • not investigating female behaviour
• Gynocentric Bias


  when researches draw invalid conclusions on only female research

  e.g. Moscovici, Bowlby, Ainsworth
• beta bias evidence 


  research into fight or flight has been concluded to both men and women

  studies have found women are more likely to "Tend and Befriend"