HPP MIDTERM

• Circulatory System


  It consists of Blood, a fluid connective tissue. "ESSENCE OF LIFE" because uncontrolled loss of blood can lead to death

  
• Deoxygenated Blood


  Carbon-rich blood
• Artery


  Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
• Vein (Venous System)

  Carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart (RETURN)

  
• Types of Circulation

  • Pulmonary Circulation - Heart to lungs
  • Systemic Circulation - Heart to body tissues

  
• Pulmonary Circulation


  Lungs → oxygenated blood → Heart

  
• Pulmonary Circulation

  Heart → Deoxygenated blood → Lungs

  
• Major Functions of the Circulatory System

  • Transport of gases (O2 & CO2) and waste products
  • Transport of processed molecules (Vit D & Lactic Acid)
  • Transport of Regulatory molecules (Hormones & Enzymes)
  • pH regulation - buffers in blood
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Protection against foreign substances
  • Clot formation
• Blood


  A connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments
• Components of Blood

  • Plasma (liquid extracellular matrix)
  • Formed Elements (cell & cell fragments)
• Plasma


  The unclotted or fresh liquid portion of blood
• Plasma Proteins

  • Albumin - Maintain osmotic pressure
  • Globulin - Antibodies (destroy foreign substances)
  • Fibrinogen - Fibrin = formation of clot
• Composition of Plasma

  • Water – Universal solvent and suspending medium
  • Proteins – Albumin, Antibodies, Globulins, Fibrogen
  • Ions – Involved in membrane potentials and acid-base balance
  • Nutrients – Source of energy; "Building blocks" complex molecules
  • Gasses – Aerobic respiration (O2 and CO2)
  • Waste Products – Breakdown products: Urea, Ammonium salts, Bilirubin
  • Regulatory Substance – Catalyzed reaction and stimulates body functions
• Bilirubin


  Brown or dark in color. Reasons why feces are brown in color, and cause the pigment of urine
• Formed Elements

  The blood cells. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cell fragments are thrombocytes

  
• Hematopoiesis


  The process of blood production, wherein for babies (liver, spleen, thymus gland, lymph node, bone marrow) while for adults (bone marrow only)

  
• Hemocytoblast or Stem Cells


  A single population where bloods are derived from
• Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBC)


  The most abundant 95%. Biconcave disk (Disk-shaped, edges thicker than center). No nucleus, but contains Hemoglobin (colors the cell red). Transport O2 (from lungs to body tissue), Transport CO2 (Body tissue back to the lungs)

  
• CO2 binds only with hemoglobin, therefore too much exposure to CO2 can lead to poisoning
• Lifespan of RBC is up to 120 days/ 3 months
• RBC is 700x MT WBC and 17x more than platelets
• Decreased blood O2 to Kidney

  Increased Erythropoietin, then will increased RBC production in the bone marrow = Increased blood O2
• Leukocytes or White Blood Cells (WBC)


  Spherical cells with nucleus but lacking hemoglobin. Functions: Antibodies — protects our body against microorganism and removes dead cells and debris
• Types of WBC

  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
• Groups of WBC

  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
• Neutrophils


  Most/Abundant type of WBC. 2 to 4 Nuclei lobed. Light pink or reddish purple. Phagocytes microorganisms
• Basophils


  Least type of WBC. 2 Indistinct lobes nucleus. Stain blue or purple. Releases histamine (Inflammation) and heparin (prevents clot formation)
• Eosinophils

  Bilobed nucleus. Bright red or orange red. Reduces inflammation and attacks certain worm parasites
• Lymphocytes


  Smallest type of WBC; round nucleus with thin cytoplasm. Antibodies, body's immune response
• Monocytes


  Largest type of WBC; Nucleus is horseshoe-shaped or kidney. It has more cytoplasm than lymphocytes. A phagocytic cell in the blood. Once it leaves the blood it enlarge and becomes Macrophages, which phagocytize foreign substances

  
• Thrombocytes or Platelets


  A minute fragment of cells. Produced in the bone marrow from Megakaryocytes (large). Plays an important role in preventing blood loss as it is the clotting factor of the blood

  
• Ways to Prevent Blood Loss

  • Vascular Spasm
  • Platelet Plug
  • Blood Clotting or Coagulation

  
• Thrombus


  Clots formed along blood vessels; clot can be removed because of the pressure

  
• Embolus


  Travels along blood vessels which can cause blockage

  
• Clot Fibrinolysis

  Clot is broken down
• Antigens

  Molecules at the surface of RBC
• Antibodies

  Plasma proteins and part of the body's defense system

  
• Antibodies bind with antigens, however antibodies are very specific

  
• ABO Blood Group

  • Type A blood – has type A antigens (Anti-B antibodies)
  • Type B blood – has type B antigens (Anti-A antibodies)
  • Type AB blood – has both Type A & Type B Antigens (no antibodies)
  • Type O blood – has neither Type A nor Type B Antigens (has both Anti A & B antibodies)

  
• O is the universal donor, while AB+ is the universal acceptor