Urban Issues and Challenges

• Brownfield Land.


  Land that has been previously built on. The buildings may be standing or may be demolished.
• Dereliction.

  When buildings are left vacant or unoccupied.
• Ethnic Minorities.


  Groups that make up a small proporition of the population.
• Greenfield Land.

  Land that hasn't been built on before, often used for farming or left naturally.
• Hate Crime.

  Crimes that are motivated against a person's ethnicity or religion.
• Informal Work.

  Self-employed or temporary work provides small wages and limited health and safety.
• Integrated Transport.


  A system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city.
• International Migration.

  The movement of people between countries for work, or long term residence.
• Lower Income Country (LIC)

  A country of low wealth and limited development.
• Megacity.

  A city with a population greater then 10 million.
• Middle Income Country (MIC)

  A country of sufficent wealth and good development.
• Multicultural City.


  A city that encourages and shares many cultures and religions, not just the national culture.
• Net Migration.

  The total amount of people entering - the total amount leaving
• Population Density.

  The amount of people per square area of the land.

  Dense - Many people living in a small area.

  Sparse - Few people living in a large area.
• Pull Factors.

  What makes someone want to move to a city.
• Push Factors.

  What makes someone want to leave a city.
• Quality of Life.

  The standard of living of a community, many factors contribute to this.
• Regeneration.

  A city tries to change its appearance or reputation through building reconstructions.
• Remittance.

  When an individual living in a different country sends money back to their family to support them financially.
• Respiratory conditions.

  Illness that affects your breathing.
• Rural-Urban Migration.

  When individuals move from the countryside (rural) to the city (urban) for various reasons, e.g work.
• Schloraships.

  Paid places in schools and businesses for people from low income families.
• Segregation.

  Exclusion of and isolation of a particular group of people.
• Skilled migrants.

  Migrants who have trained for a particular profession
• Social Inequality.

  The difference in the quality between the highest income families and the lowest income families.
• Sustainability.

  A city which has minimal environmental damage and social inequality, whilst conserving resources for the future.
• Squatter settlements.

  Clusters of temporary houses which migrants or low income families live in, often built on unfavourable land.
• Unskilled migrants.

  Migrants who haven't been trained or educated for a high-skill profession, for example farmer or shop workers.
• Causes of urban growth:

  Natural Increase - this is when the number of births is greater than the number of deaths.

  Migration - When people move into the city.
• Push and Pull Label Activity:

  A) Security

  B) Environment

  C) Stability

  D) Economics

  E) Services

  
• Possible push factors

  • unemployment
  • lower wages
  • crop failure
  • poor living conditions
  • poor health and education services
  • few facilities
  • natural disasters
  • civil war
• Possible pull factors

  • more jobs
  • higher wages
  • better living conditions
  • better education and health services
  • better facilities
  • less chance of natural disasters