Chapter 15

• • Physical Dependence - an inability to quit a self-destructive habit without withdrawal symptoms
  • Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) - the inability to quit a self-destructive habit


  Substance Use vs. Addiction

  • The amount of disruption it causes in life
• Transference - clients transfer the behaviors and feelings originally established toward important persons to the therapist
• Major Depression - condition in which someone experiences little interest, pleasure, or motivation for weeks at a time

  • Nearly all people experiencing depression have sleep abnormalities
  • PHQ-9 - screener for depression
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):

  • Features frequent and exaggerated worries
  • People affected face no more actual danger than others
  • tension, irritability, fatigue, hinders enjoyment of life
  • May overlap with other disorders
  • GAD-7 - screener for anxiety
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - repetitive thoughts and actions

  • Obsession - a repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought
  • Compulsion - a repetitive, almost irresistible action
  • OCD affects ~2-3% of people in the US (to varying degrees)
• Panic Disorder - frequent period of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic

  • rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, faintness, trembling
  • Includes the state of hyperventilation, a state of rapid, deep breathing
  • Overlaps with agoraphobia, an excessive fear of open or public spaces
  • Overlaps with social phobia, a severe avoidance of other people and doing anything in public
• Bipolar Disorder - previously known as Manic-Depressive Disorder, features extreme mood changes


  Mania - features constant activity, being inhibited, and irritability; the opposite of depression

  • May be dangerous to themselves or others
  • Hypomania - mild degree of mania
• Schizophrenia - features prolonged deterioration of daily activity such as work, social relations, and self-care

  • Must include some combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought, movement disorder, and loss of normal emotional responses and social behaviors
  • Positive (Presence) Symptoms - the presence of a behavior
  • Negative (Lack) Symptoms - lack of a behavior; lack of emotional expression, motivation, and/or social interaction
• Autism Spectrum Disorder - lifelong condition characterized by impaired social contact

  • Causes related to genetics and prenatal environment-related causes
  • Brain abnormalities related to autism have been discovered, but none consistently occur
  • No current medical treatment