SCI(Biomolecules)

• Stages of Learning


  1. Written task

  2. Performance task

  3. Modeling

  4. Creating

  5. Mastery

  6. Explaining

  7. Simulating
• The learners demonstrate and understanding of the structure of biomolecules, which are made up mostly of a limited number of elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They are life's building blocks. All things are formed from these organic molecules.
• Categories of organic molecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
• Organic molecules


  • They are all carbon based, meaning they all contain carbon
  • They are formed from just a few elements which join together to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form large molecules
  • Each type of organic molecule is built from a single type of building block
  • Their form determines their function
• Carbohydrates


  Also known as CHO, a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Carbohydrates are naturally occurring sugars, starches and fiber in food. All carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules. Sugar molecules linked together form starches and fiber.
• Breaking down carbohydrates in the body

  1. Starches and sugars are broken down in the digestive system to glucose

  2. Glucose is the fuel that provides energy and powers all of the body's functions
• Complex carbohydrates and simple carbohydrates

  • Complex carbohydrates include starches and fiber
  • Simple carbohydrates include sugar that occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables and milk as well as brown sugar, white sugar, honey and any sugar added to foods during processing
• Functions of carbohydrates


  • They are the best source of fuel for the body
  • They help to digest protein and fat
• Carbohydrates are the most abundant of all the organic compounds in nature.
• In plants, energy from the Sun is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into the carbohydrate glucose.
• Many of the glucose molecules are made into long-chain polymers of starch that store energy.
• About 65% of the foods in our diet consist of carbohydrates.
• Each day we utilize carbohydrates in foods such as bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice.
• Other carbohydrates called disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar) and lactose in milk.
• During digestion and cellular metabolism, carbohydrates are converted into glucose, which is oxidized further in our cells to provide our bodies with energy and to provide the cells with carbon atoms for building molecules of protein, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• In plants, a polymer of glucose called cellulose builds the structural framework. Cellulose has other important uses, too.
• The wood in our furniture, the pages in your notebook, and the cotton in our clothing are made of cellulose.
• Functions of carbohydrates in cells

  • Major source of energy for the cell
  • Major structural component of plant cell
  • Immediate energy in the form of GLUCOSE
  • Reserve or stored energy in the form of GLYCOGEN
• If we eat more carbohydrates that are needed for energy, the extra is stored in the liver or in the tissues as fat.
• Other names for carbohydrates

  • Starch
  • Carbs
  • Sugar
• How the body breaks down bread

  1. Loaf of bread

  2. Bread crumbs

  3. Polysaccharide

  4. Disaccharide

  5. Monosaccharide
• Classification of sugars


  • Monosaccharide
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharide


  Commonly called "simple sugar"
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Glucose


  Greek word for sweet wine
• Galactose


  Greek word for milk
• Fructose


  Latin word for fruits
• Fructose is the sweetest of all sugars, 1.5 times sweeter than sucrose. It occurs naturally in fruits and honey.
• Glucose is the essential energy source for all body functions.
• Galactose is seldom found freely in nature. It binds with glucose to form the sugar in milk: lactose.

  
• Oligosaccharides


  A carbohydrate composed of two to ten saccharide groups and can be broken down into simple sugars upon hydrolysis
• Classification of Oligosaccharides


  • Disaccharides
• Disaccharide


  Combination of two monosaccharides
• Cells can make disaccharides by joining two monosaccharides through biosynthesis.
• Polysaccharides


  Combination of greater than 10 units of monosaccharide, can be broken down to several simple sugars upon hydrolysis
• Important polysaccharides


  • Starch (energy storage in plants)
  • Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
  • Inulin
  • Cellulose (dietary fiber)
  • Dextrin
  • Chitin
• Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates.
• Disaccharides are carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharide units.