ENGLISH Q4

• GUIDE WORDS

  • usually at the top of each set of facing pages
• MAIN/WORD ENTRIES

  • words that are explained in the dictionary
  • appear in boldface
• PARTS OF SPEECH

  • dictionary uses 9 abbreviations for the parts of speech:

  > n. = noun

  > pron. = pronoun

  > v.i. = intransive verb

  > v.t. = transitive verb

  > interj. = interjection

  > conj. = conjunction
• RESTRICTIVE LABELS

  • subject labels tell you that a word has a special meaning when used in a particular field
  • usage labels tell you how a word is used
  • geographic labels tell you which region of the country
• SPELLING

  • not knowing how to spell a word can make it difficult to find in the dictionary, but not impossible
• USING THE THESAURUS

  • best place to look for synonyms and antonyms
  • opposite of a dictionary
  • you go to the thesaurus when you know the meaning but need the word
  • comes in 2 forms:

  > dictionary form - you simply look up the word as you would in a dictionary

  > traditional form - you need to first look up the word in the alphabetical INDEX at the back of the thesaurus (the number after the word are GUIDE NUMBERS, not page numbers)
• USING THE INTERNET

  • provides many different types of information
• RESEARCH

  • a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data information in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional field and academic disciplines
  • conducted to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework; to assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate manners; and to generate questions for further inquiries
• ABSTRACT 


  a brief overview of a research study
• APPLIED RESEARCH


  conducted to generate knowledge that influences or improves practice
• BASIC RESEARCH


  research that tests theories
• CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION


  a variable, such as anxiety, may be defined as a feeling of uneasiness
• CONCEPTS


  the building block of theories
• CONSTITUTIVE DEFINITION


  the basic, dictionary meaning
• CONTROL GROUP


  in experiments, the one that does not get the treatment
• CORRELATIONAL STUDY


  a type of research design that depicts a relationship between variables, but not necessarily one of cause-effect
• DATA


  information used as a bases for reasoning, discussion, or calculation
• DELIMINATION


  it addresses how the study will be narrowed in scope
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE 


  the concept that the researcher is most interested in understanding
• DESCRIPTIVE STUDY


  research design used to find "what is" e.g a survey
• EXPERIMENT


  a research design used to find "cause-effect" relationships the "effect of... on..."
• EXPERIMENTAL GROUP


  the one that gets the treatment
• EXTERNAL VALIDITY


  how generalizable the results are as it concerns other populations and location
• EXTRANEOUS


  variables that may influence or contaminate the data
• HETEROGENEOUS


  groups under study are very different or varied
• HOMOGENEOUS


  groups that are very similar
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE


  the concept being studies that usually indicates the influence or cause; the one that the researcher is manipulating
• HYPHOTHESIS 


  a statement written by the researcher that states the relationship among or between variables
• INDUCTIVE REASONING


  the basis for the qualitative research approach
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING


  depends on premises and is the basis for the quantitative research approach
• INTERNAL VALIDITY


  the extent to which a study measures what it is supposed to measure (accuracy within a study)
• INTRODUCTION 


  establishes the scope, context and significance of the research to be conducted
• LIMITATIONS


  identify potential weaknesses of the study
• MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

  averages e.g. the mean
• MEAN


  the arithmetic average
• MEDIAN


  the middle where half the scores fall above, half below, eliminated the influence of outliers
• METHODOLOGY


  systematic approach to the conduct of a process. it includes steps of procedure, application of techniques, systems of analysis, and the mode of inquiry employed by a discipline
• MODE


  the score that occurs the most
• NULL HYPOTHESIS


  the proposition, to be tested statistically, that the experimental intervention has "no effect", meaning that the treatment and control group will not differ as a result of the intervention. investigators usually hope that the data will demonstrate some effect from the intervention, thus allowing the investigator to reject the hull hypothesis
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITON


  how a term is used in a study