CH 9 Australia, Oceania, Antartica

• Gondwanaland


  The former huge continent from which the southern continents and Indian peninsula broke away
• Great dividing range


  Australia's one significant mountain chain running along the continents east coast
• Great Barrier Reef


  The Earth's largest continuous chain of coral located off the northeastern coast of Australia
• Transform plate margin


  Area where plates slide horizontally along one another
• Barrier reef


  A coral reef structure surrounding an island and separated from it by a lagoon. The Great Barrier Reef lies off Queensland, Australia
• Transantartic Mountains


  One of the Earth's Longest continuous mountain chains and a continuation of the Andes mountains
• Eastern Antarctic Shield


  Landform containing rocks over 4 billion years old
• Typhoon


  A tropical storm of hurricane type experienced in Southeast and East Asia
• Midlatitude cyclone


  Cyclonic storm that occurs primarily in the midlatitudes
• Monsoon


  Seasonal summer rain
• Orographic


  Mountain-related
• Coral Atoll (Fringing reef)


  A coral reef along a coast without a lagoon
• Southern Ocean


  The fourth largest of the Earth's five oceans
• Antarctic Peninsula


  The northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica
• Marsupial


  A mammal that raises its young in a pouch instead of a womb, like kangaroo or koala
• Mallee


  Type of Australian vegetation formed of eucalyptus shrubs that grow into dense thickets of many close-spaced stems
• Wallace Line


  Line drawn by botanist Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid 1800s marking the edge of plate tectonic action that forced Indonesia's eastern islands against its western islands and brought Australasian plants and animals with them
• Artesian Wells


  Wells drilled into rocks where water flows to the surface without pumping
• Aborigines


  Indigenous people of Australia
• Animism


  Traditional religious beliefs based on the worship of natural phenomena and the belief in spirits separable from bodies
• Maoris


  Indigenous people of New Zealand
• Melanesian


  One of the three broad categories of inhabitants of south pacific oceanic islands, so named by westerners because of their darker skin
• Micronesian


  One of the three broad categories of inhabitants of South Pacific oceanic islands; so named by Westerners because they inhabited small islands
• Polynesian


  One of the three broad categories of inhabitants of South Pacific oceanic islands
• White Australia Policy


  Informal policy that encouraged the acceptance of European immigrants discouraged immigration from neighboring Asian countires
• Great Australian Desert


  In the Australian interior, this desert lies west of the sparsely populated farming region and covers most of the remainder of the continent
• Import-Substitution manufacturing


  Government protection and encouragement of domestic industries through tariffs and restrictions on certain imported goods
• South Pacific Forum


  Established in 1971, links 13 regional countries
• Afforestation


  The replanting of large areas of forest
• Sustainable forestry


  The application of principles of sustainability to reforestation
• New Zealand Film Industry

  A recent impetus to New Zealand tourism industry
• Copra


  Dried white meat that lines the inside of a coconut shell
• Antarctic Treaty


  SIgned in 1961 by 39 countries, provided a basis for nonmilitary scientific cooperation, environmental safeguards, and international control of Antarctica
• Wellington Agreement


  Agreement that banned commercial mining activities and introduced environmental protection regulations to Antarctica
• Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)

  Body that, in effect, "governs" Antarctica composed of signatories of the Antarctic Treaty
• Ozone Hole


  A thinning of the Earth's protective ozone layer formed when small quantities of chlorine gases penetrate Antarcticas atmosphere from lower latitudes
• It is fair to say that logging in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands


  is exploitive since the countries are paid a fraction of the value of the timber on world markets
• Guano, the excrement of seabirds, can accumulate into phosphate-rich rocks of commercial value. This island nation had an economy entirely based on the mining of phosphate deposits.

  Nauru
• A total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1 will maintain a population at its current level. Australia's TFR is only 1.9, yet its population continues to grow, albeit at a modest 1.0%. How is this increase possible?

  Multiple Choice

  Australia has a positive net migration rate.
• The location of Washington, D.C. as the U.S. capital was made possible by a compromise between northern and southern states in 1790. What decision was analogous in Australia?

  Melbourne and Sydney were competing to be the national capital, so they built the new capital, Canberra, halfway between the two.