Practical Research

• Ethics


  A philosophical branch that focuses on questioning the right and wrong ways of human behavior
• Ethics in research


  Pertains to the dos and don'ts of research, developed through time by advancements in technology, beliefs, and thought within the scientific community
• The whole research process must be grounded in the observation of ethical standards
• The literature review provides a synthesis of ideas coming from different reference materials about the topic
• Ethical standards in writing a literature review

  • Observe proper citation of sources
  • Avoid recycling materials
  • Summarize and paraphrase contents
  • Avoid false citations
  • Do not fabricate citations
• Plagiarism


  The act of copying or using works from another person and presenting it as your own
• Plagiarism is an act of stealing other people's work
• Plagiarism has become a big concern in research since the establishment of the law, thus making it a legal matter in the academe
• Types of plagiarism


  • Direct plagiarism
  • Inadequate paraphrasing
  • Self-plagiarism
  • Incomplete citations
• Plagiarism affects the credibility of the research project and the researchers themselves
• Proper citation


  Including in-text citations within the body of the research paper and providing a complete list of references at the end of the paper
• Proper citation allows readers to easily validate the cited content in the research paper
• Recycling of work


  Incorporating previous work into the current project without indicating that it already exists in a past write-up, also considered as self-plagiarism
• Summarizing


  Presenting only the most essential information from the material, filtering unnecessary details and focusing on information directly related to the research problem
• Paraphrasing


  Using your own words in expressing ideas and concepts from other sources, avoiding copying ideas in a verbatim manner
• Forms of incomplete citations


  • Providing incomplete details about the material
  • Using false citations or incorrect details
  • Using fabricated citations
• To avoid using incomplete citations, one must track all reference materials used, gather complete bibliographic details, note the source material of each borrowed content, and follow the rules of the chosen citation format