(L-1): Textual Evidence


• Textual Evidence


  Evidence a writer needs to support the thesis of a written document
• Textual Evidence


  • You need to be specific about the source of this evidence found in your written text
  • The reader can verify the evidence if you cite page numbers and other information together with it
  • You should also directly state the importance of this evidence and what it proves to strengthen your thesis or your claim
• Textual Evidence


  • Direct quotations from a book or other text source
  • Accurate summaries of what happened or was said in the text
  • Larger passages that relate directly to the thesis of your essay
  • Paraphrases of what the author says in the text
• Assertion


  An emphatic declaration by a speaker or writer, not necessarily based on facts, but the person making the assertion firmly believes in it even without any proof or support
• Counterclaim


  A claim that contradicts or opposes another claim
• Types of assertion


  • Basic
  • Emphatic
  • Escalating
  • I-language
  • Positive
• Basic assertion


  One's belief, feeling, opinion, or preference expressed through a straightforward statement
• Basic assertion


  • "I would like to finish writing this article first before we go out for coffee."
  • "I would like you to listen to my explanation before you make your conclusion."
• Emphatic assertion


  The speaker recognizes and sympathizes with the other person's position or feelings, then conveys their own beliefs
• Emphatic assertion


  • "I understand this is not easy, but we have to get through this with our sanity intact."
• Escalating assertion


  The speaker or writer becomes more forceful with the second and succeeding assertions when they do not receive a response to the first assertion
• Escalating assertion


  • "If you keep insisting what you want, I will have to cut ties with you."
• 1. language assertion


  Used in conflicts and misunderstandings to calm tension and lighten the situation, requires the speaker to describe the other person's behaviour and its effect on the speaker, describe the speaker's feelings, and state what the speaker wants
• 1. language assertion


  • "When you do not tell me what is bothering you, I feel hurt because I feel as if you were pushing me away or you did not trust me. Therefore, I would appreciate it if you open up to me after you have taken some space to sort your thoughts out."
• Positive assertion


  Speakers assert positive feelings about themselves or others, like giving compliments
• Positive assertion


  • "My painting has inspired a lot of people."
  • "You used an amazing strategy in getting the attention of your learners."
• Claim


  A statement that a writer presents to substantiate an argument. A claim may function as a single argument by itself, or it may be one of multiple claims made to support a larger argument.
• Counterclaim (also called "counterargument")


  The argument (or one of the arguments) which opposes the thesis statement. This paragraph is where the writer discusses the opposing side's viewpoint and explains why it is weak or invalid. A counterclaim and rebuttal paragraph shows that the writer has examined both sides of the issue, which strengthens his/her position.
• Example of a Counterclaim


  • On the other hand, some people say that rock music contains lyrics that are both provocative and rebellious. This point of view makes sense because in the article, it states that one form of rock music, punk rock, concentrates purely on antisocial subjects as a basis for its songs.
• However, rock music itself is not enough to make a teenager rebel against society

  Because the article also says that the average teenager does not take it seriously and concentrates more on the musical value of the songs rather than the inner meaning of the lyrics. Therefore, even though lyrics in rock and roll music show hints of anarchy and social rebellion, it is not a threat to society.
• Phrases to introduce the counterclaim

  • On the other hand
  • Some people say
  • Admittedly
  • Some people say
  • Certainly
  • Some people say
• Phrases to address the original claim

  • However
  • Nevertheless
  • On the other hand
• Phrases to conclude the paragraph

  • Thus
  • Therefore
  • As a result