Chapter 4

• Access controls

  Controls that ensure that only authorized personnel have access to the firms assets.
• Attribute

  : Equivalents to adjectives in the English language coding techniques that serve to describe the objects.
• Backup controls


  :Controls that ensure that in the event of data loss due to unauthorized access, equipment failure,

  or physical disaster the organization can recover its database.
• Biometric devices


  : Devices that measure various personal characteristics, such as fingerprints, voice prints, retina prints,or signature characteristics.
• Conceptual view

  : An entire database that represents the database logically and abstractly, rather than the way ti si physically stored.
• Concurrency control


  Labelingeach transaction by two

  criteria.
• Currency of information


  : Aproblem of failing to update all the user files that are affected by a change in status basedonoutdatedinformation.
• Access method


  : The technique used to locate records and to navigate through the database.
• Data definition language


  : Programming language used to define the database to the database management system.
• Data dictionary


  :Description of every d a t aelement in the

  database.
• Data manipulation language


  : Language used to insert special database commands into application programs written in conventional languages.
• Data redundancy


  : The replication of essentially the same data in multiple files.
• Data storage


  : Storing data only once and makes this single source available to al users who need it by efficient data management.
• Data structure


  : Techniques for physically arranging re- cords in the database.
• Data updating


  : Organizations that store a great deal of data on master files and reference files that require peri- odic updating to reflect changes.
• Database administrator (DBA)


  : The individual responsi ble for managing the database resource.
• Database management system


  : Software system that con- trols access to the data resource.
• Database model


  : A type of data model thatdetermines the framework of a database in which the data can be stored, organized, and manipulated.
• Deadlock


  : Amultiple sites to lock out each other from the

  database, thus preventing each from processing its transactions.
• Entity


  : Aresource, event, or agent.
• Flat-file model


  : An older system that are still in operation today. Private ownership of data, which characterizes this model, is the root cause of several problems that inhibit data integration.
• Grandfather-father-son (GFS)


  : Atechnique that is used ni sequential file batch systems.
• Hierarchical data model


  : Adatabase model that represents data in a hierarchical structure and permits only a single

  parent record for each child.
• Integrated database management system (IDMS)


  : A net work model in which Cullinane/Cullinet Software introduced into commercial market in the 1980s
• Inference controls


  : controls that prevent users from inferring specific datavalues through normal query features.
• Information management system (IMS)


  : It is a hierarchi- cal database that describe the relationship between two linked files.
• Internal view


  : The physical arrangement of records in the database.
• Legacy systems


  : It is a flat-file approach that contain records with n o structured relationships to other files.
• Many-to-many (M: M) association


  : The business rela- tionship between an organization's inventory and its suppliers illustrates the M: M association
• Navigational models:


  Model that possesses explicit links or paths among data elements.
• Network model


  : Variation of the hierarchical model.
• Off-site storage


  : Storing backup files in a secure location.
• One-to-many (1: M) association


  : For every occurrence customer in the customer able. there are zero, one. or

  many sales orders in the sales order table.
• Organization


  : Recording data on the storage device either sequential or random
• Partitioned database approach


  : Database approach that splits the central database into segments or partitions that are distributed to their primary users.
• Physical database


  : A lowest level of the database and the only level that exists in physical form. It consists ofmag- netic spots on metallic coated disks that create alogical collection of files and records.
• Record type


  : a physical database representation ofanentity.