NEE - Rio

• Urbanisation - an increase in the proportion of people living in cities compared to rural areas
• Urban growth - an increase in the area covered in cities
• Rural-urban migration - movement from rural to urban areas, often due to economic opportunities or better services
• Slum - a settlement with poor housing conditions, overcrowding, lack of basic amenities such as water supply and sanitation.
• Informal sector - unregulated employment that is not taxed by the government, including street vendors, domestic workers, and small businesses.
• Megacity - a city with a population exceeding ten million people.
• Natural increase - when the birth rate exceeds the death rate
• Rural push factors:

  • Poor services and infrastructure

  • Lack of good jobs
• Urban Pull Factors:

  • Better facilities and infrastructure

  • More job opportunities
• Natural increase is higher in cities because young people move into cities for work and start families, whereas older people retire to the country
• Rio is in Southeast Brazil.

  It is made up of:

  •North zone - industry, slums

  •Centro - business centre, historic buildings

  •West zone - Wealthy suburbs, Olympic stadiums

  •South zone - tourist hotels, luxury flats
• Rio has attracted migrants from:

  • UK/USA - skilled workers

  • China/South Korea - business

  • Amazon basin/Brazil - new jobs
• Average school dropout age - 14
• 12% of population had no running water - 300km new pipes built
• Schools of Tomorrow:

  • Life skills

  • Nursery fees paid for teenage parents
• Favelas are informal settlements with poor sanitation, overcrowding and high crime rates.
• Favela Bairro project:

  • Street names

  • Cable cars to help people access employment/hospitals
• Favela Bairro project:

  • Improved quality of life

  • Improved employment

  • Infrastructure hard to maintain

  • Residents still untrained/unqualified
• Poor energy access in favelas - leads to people illegally and dangerously tapping into mains supply
• 2013 - Pacifying Police Units sent in to reclaim favelas from drug gangs
• Air pollution/congestion:

  • Poor favela roads - most drive on main roads

  • High crime levels - more people drive for safety
• Air pollution/congestion solutions:

  • Expansion of metro system

  • Making roads one-way during rush hour
• Water pollution:

  •Government didn't build favelas - open sewage pipes pollute rivers

  •Many cruise ships visit - damage coral an empty fuel tanks in Guanabara bay
• Water pollution solutions:

  • 5km of sewage pipes built

  • Ships fined for fuel pollution
• Waste pollution:

  • Rubbish vans can't fit in favela streets - waste dumped on streets - disease spreads
• Waste pollution solutions:

  • New power plant turns rubbish into electricity
• Favela infant mortality rate - 50 in 1000
• Air pollution - 5000 deaths/year
• Favela murder rate - 20 in 1000
• Services in favelas:

  • 12% have no running water

  • 30% have no electricity

  • 50% have no sewage disposal
• Favela unemployment - 20%
• PPUs:

  • Reclaiming favelas from drug gangs
  • People mistrust police
  • Lower crime rates