Sci 3rd Qtr

• Mitosis


  The process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division. Occurs in somatic cells (or body cells).
• Meiosis


  A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction. Occurs in sex cells.
• Parts of Male Reproductive System

  • Testes
  • Seminiferous Tubules
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Scrotum
  • Seminal Vesicle
  • Prostate Gland
  • Cowper's Gland
  • Urethra
  • Penis
• Testes


  Part of the male reproductive system responsible for the production of sperm and the release of male sex hormones (testosterone). It also participates with the hypothalamus-pituitary unit in regulating reproductive function.
• Seminiferous Tubules


  Packed, coiled tubes located inside the Testes. The seminiferous tubules function to produce sperm, maintain sperm, and store the sperm.

  
• Epididymis


  The main function is to store the sperms for maturation and transport it to vas deferens. It is a coiled tube attached to both the testes through vasa efferentia. It connects the testes to vas deferens.
• Vas Deferens


  A tube which connects the testes to the urethra and allows semen to exit the body.
• Scrotum


  Protects the testes and helps with the thermoregulation of the testicles. The temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body, which is why the scrotum is located outside of the body.
• Seminal Vesicle


  Two small glands that store and produce the majority of the fluid that makes up semen. During ejaculation, the fluid from the seminal vesicles is expelled into the ejaculatory duct where it can then mix with sperm and other reproductive fluids.
• Prostate Gland


  Its primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).
• Cowper's Gland


  Responsible for producing pre-ejaculate fluid in the male reproductive system. It produces a fluid called Cowper's fluid that helps to neutralize the acidic urine and lubricate the distal urethra. Cowper's fluid is also secreted during sexual arousal which helps in the preparation for the passage of sperm cells.
• Urethra


  A tube which allows either urine or semen to exit the body.
• Penis


  External sex organ used for delivering the sperm to the female reproductive tract.

  
• Spermatogenesis


  The production of sperm cells.
• Parts of Semen


  • Sperm Cells
  • 200 Separate Proteins
  • Vitamins and Minerals (Vitamin C, Calcium, Chlorine, Citric Acid, Nitrogen, Potassium, Zinc, Lactic Acid, Magnesium, Fructose, Phosphorus, Sodium, Vitamin B12)
• Oogenesis


  The type of gametogenesis through which ova, also called the female gametes, are formed and the produced female gamete is known as an ovum.
• Roles of Female Reproductive System

  • To produce female gamete (egg cell / oocytes)
  • Responsible for the reception of sperm
  • Provide nourishment and nurture the fetus
• External Parts of Female Reproductive System

  • Vulva
  • Mons Pubis
  • Labia Majora
  • Labia Minora
  • Vestibule
  • Clitoris
  • Bartholin's Gland

  
• Vulva


  The global term that describes all of the structures that make the female external genitalia.
• Mons Pubis


  Rounded mass of fatty tissue found on top of the pubic bone.
• Labia Majora


  The relatively large, fleshy folds of tissue that enclose and protect the other external genital organs.

  
• Labia Minora


  The inner folds inside the labia majora that protect the opening of the urethra and the vagina. It surrounds the openings to the vagina and urethra.

  
• Vestibule


  The space where the vagina and urethra open. Around the vestibule sit the greater vestibular glands, which produce fluid to keep the area from getting dry.
• Clitoris


  A small sensitive reticle part of the female genital.
• Bartholin's Gland


  The primary function is the production of a mucoid secretion that aids in vaginal and vulvar lubrication. It is located next to the vaginal opening.
• Internal Parts of Female Reproductive System

  • Vagina
  • Cervix
  • Uterus
  • Ovaries
  • Corpus Luteum
  • Fimbriae
  • Fallopian Tubes

  
• Vagina


  The canal that connects the cervix to the outside of the body. It is also known as the birth canal.
• Cervix


  Allows fluids, such as menstrual blood, to pass from the uterus into the vagina. It also widens during the birth of a baby.

  
• Uterus


  The hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows. Also called womb.

  
• Ovaries


  One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made.
• Corpus Luteum


  A mass of cells that forms in an ovary. It is a temporary organ that appears every menstrual cycle and disappears if fertilization does not occur. It is a hormone secreting structure that secretes progesterone and estrogen.

  
• Fimbriae


  Finger-like projections that catch and guide the ovum released from the ovary to the other parts of the female reproductive system.

  
• Fallopian Tubes


  Narrow tubes attached to the upper part of the uterus that provide a passageway for the ova to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. This is where fertilization occurs.

  
• Puberty Changes in Boys

  • Genital Development: Testicles and scrotum grow, and the penis enlarges
  • Growth Spurt: Height increases
  • Facial and Body Hair: Coarse hair appears on the face, chest, and other body parts
  • Voice Deepening: The voice becomes deeper due to vocal cord changes
  • Muscle Development: Muscle mass increases
  • Skin Changes: Skin may become oilier
• Puberty Changes in Girls

  • Breast Development: Girls experience breast development, which involves the growth of breath tissue
  • Growth Spurt: Height increases rapidly
  • Body Hair: Fine hair appears in the underarms and pubic area
  • Hips Widening: The pelvis broadens, creating a more feminine shape
  • Skin Changes: Skin may become oilier
  • Menstruation: Menstrual cycles begin, indicating fertility
• Endocrine System


  The system made up of glands that make hormones. Hormones are the body's chemical messengers that carry information and instructions from one set of cells to another.

  
• Hormonal Regulation


  The release of hormones into the bloodstream while continuously monitoring its level.
• Hormones


  Act as chemical messengers, coordinating different functions in the body by relaying messages to organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues.
• Gland


  Part of the endocrine system that releases hormones into the bloodstream.

  
• Hypothalamus


  Located inside the base of the brain. It is responsible for regulating many of the body's basic functions, including body temperature, thirst, hunger, and it is a key player in the regulation of the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland through releasing hormones.