separation techniques

• filtration- separates insoluble solids from liquids


  filtration can be used if your product is an insoluble solid that needs to be separated from a liquid reaction mixture

  it can be used for purification as well

  filter paper is folded into cone shape the solid is left in the filter paper.
• evaporation - soluble solids from solutions

  pour the solution into evaporating dish

  slowly heat the solution. the solvent will evaporate an the solution will get more concentrated. eventually, crystals will start to form.

  keep heating the evaporating dish until all you have left are dry crystals.
• crystallization- soluble solids from solution


  pour the solution into the evaporating dish and gently heat the solution

  once some of the solution has evaporated or when you see crystals start to form remove the dish from the heat and leave the solution to cool

  the salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution

  filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them in a warm place to dry
• simple distillation used to separate out solutions

  the solution is heated, part of the solution that has the lowest boiling point evaporates first

  the vapour is then cooled, condensed, and is collected

  the rest of the solution is left behind in the flask

  can use to get pure water from sea water
• fractional distillation - used to separate a mixture of liquids 


  put mixture in a flask and stick a fractionating column on top then you heat it

  the different liquids will all have different boiling so they will evaporate at different temperatures

  the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first when the temperature on the thermometer matches the boiling point of this liquid it will reach the top column

  once the first liquid has been collected you raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top.