Module 2

• Nursing


  • A service to the individual which helps to regain, or to keep a normal state of body and mind
  • That nourishes, foster, protects as a SCIENCE and ART
  • A blending of art, science & spirit
• traditional role of nursing

  • Humanistic Caring
  • Nurturing
  • Comforting
  • Supporting
• Women's Role


  • Traditionally, female roles of wife, mother, daughter and sister have always included the care and nurturing of other family members
  • Women, who in general occupied a subservient and dependent role, are called on to care for others in the community who are ill
  • Care provided is related to physical maintenance and comfort
• Nursing as a practice originated in the dim past when some mother among the cave dwellers cooled the forehead of her sick child with water from the brook (Dr. William Osler)
• Abandonment of the aged and infirm – act of necessity not of cruelty
• Nursing in Ancient Civilization

  • Beliefs that disease were embedded on superstition and magic
  • Practical theories of medical care emerged and observed
• Nurses at this Time

  • Comforting
  • Practicing Midwife
  • Performing Neighboring Act (Without Training Or Direction)
  • More on Natural Instinct
  • Wet Nurse to Child
• In ancient Egypt, there is no mention of nursing; it is assumed that nurses were the role of slaves or patient's families
• Qualifications of Nurses in Ancient India

  • Knowledge
  • Cleverness
  • Devotedness
  • Purity of Mind and Body
• In ancient India, early hospitals were staffed by male nurses and required to meet four qualifications
• In ancient Greece and Rome, nursing was the task of the untrained slaves and women were not tasked or given instruction regarding nursing due to perception of inferiority of females to males
• Hippocrates, the Father of Scientific Medicine, said that only a medical student should remain with the patient
• Caduceus


  The insignia of the medical profession today
• Fabiola, a wealthy matron of the Roman empire, converted to Christianity and used her wealth to provide houses of care and healing (the forerunner of hospitals) for the poor, the sick and the homeless
• Military Religious Orders


  • Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian)
  • Teutonic Knights (German)
  • Knights of St. Lazarus
• St. Elizabeth of Hungary


  Patroness of Nurses, used her wealth to make lives for the poor, built hospital for the sick & needy, provided orphans and fed them from 300 to 900 persons daily
• The "dark period of nursing" extends from the 17th to the 19th century, during the Reformation and until the US Civil War
• During the "dark period of nursing", nurses took bribes, abused alcohol, were uneducated and untrained, and worked 7 days a week without relief with very poor working conditions
• Leaders that Brought About Reform

  • John Howard, a prison reformer, helped in improving the life condition of the prisoners
  • Mother Mary Aikenhand, established Irish Sister of Charity
  • Pastor Theodor Fliedner & Frederika Munster Fliedner, established the institute for the training of Deaconnesses of Kaiserwerth Germany
• The requirements for entering the school of Deaconnesses of Kaiserwerth Germany were: a certificate of health from a physician, permission from their nearest relative, and a character of reference from the clergyman
• Madame Jeanne Mance of France and Venerable Elizabeth Seton were important figures in pre-civil war nursing in America
• Florence Nightingale


  The "Mother of Modern Nursing", born in Florence, Italy, established the Nightingale school, wrote Notes on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals
• Florence Nightingale


  • A Victorian Lady, developed her self-appointed goal: "to change the profile of nursing"
  • Compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and her observation of the sanitary facilities and social problems
• The nursing uniform with a cap was invented through the efforts of Dr. William Halsted for use of his wife, Caroline Hampton, who has delicate hands and for relief of her dermatitis
• The Army Nurse Corps was started through the efforts of Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee, and Clara Louise Maas became known for her service in the war though she served without rank
• 20th Century Nursing


  • Development of the nursing and related nursing fields
  • Mushrooming of nursing schools and hospitals
  • Nursing instructors taught more on the "how" not the "why" of nursing
• First Decade of 20th Century


  • Development of Private Duty Nursing, settlement house nursing
  • Establishment of Nursing Organization
  • American Nurses Association
  • National League for Nursing Education
• Standards were set for curriculum, education, and professional registries from 1913 to 1937
• Edith Cavell's patriotism and "mata hari" serving wounded soldiers during World War 1 were important events
• The establishment of the Army Nurse Corps was an important development
• matitis


  adopted a uniform with a cap that was later adopted by her classmates
• Start of the Army Nurse Corps

  • Through the efforts of Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee
• Clara Louise Maas


  • Became known for her service in the war though she served without rank
• Medical research on YELLOW FEVER


  She also engaged in
• Development of the nursing and related nursing fields in the 20th century

  • Mushrooming of nursing schools and hospitals
  • Nursing instructors taught more on the "how" not the "why" of nursing
• Development in the first decade of the 20th century


  • Development of Private Duty Nursing, settlement house nursing
  • Establishment of Nursing Organization
  • American Nurses Association
  • National League for Nursing Education
• Standards set in 1913-1937


  • For curriculum, education, professional registries
• Edith Cavell


  • Her patriotism
• "mata hari"


  • Served wounded soldiers during World War 1
• Armistice Period


  Due to the aftermath of war, the need for public health nurses came about to provide service for the community