Deodorant

• Sweat


  Regulated by sympathetic nervous system, Body temperature regulator, Odorless, but characteristic odor develops because of production of volatile by-products with the bacterial and heat decomposition, Another way of removing waste and toxic by-products from the body
• Sweat Glands


  • Eccrine Sweat Glands: Simple, coiled tubular glands with duct that leads directly onto skin surface, "true" sweat glands, Exist and function from birth, Found all over the body, Under psychological and thermal control, Secretion contains water, salts, amino acids, peptides, and electrolytic components
  • Apocrine Sweat Glands: Larger than eccrine glands and ducts open into hair follicle duct, Exist at birth, but become functional at puberty, Limited to the axilla, anus, and breast, Triggered by emotions, Secretion is odorless and viscous consisting of lipids, cholesterol, proteins, sulfur-containing amino acids, volatile short chain FAs, and various steroids
• Deodorants


  Topically applied products designed to reduce or mask unpleasant body odors by reodorization and/or antibacterial action, Do not interfere with the delivery of sweat glands secretion, Works on the bacteria on the skin to stop the odor escaping the pits
• Antiperspirants


  Topically applied products designed to reduce underarm wetness by limiting body transpiration, Usually contain aluminum-based or aluminum–zirconium-based compounds that can form a temporary plug within the sweat duct and stop the flow of sweat to the skin surface, Temporarily applied to the sweat duct to impede the flow of the sweat to the skin surface, Affect the structure and function of the body by inhibition of perspiration secreted by the eccrine glands
• Both Deodorants and Antiperspirants are available in various dosage forms: Roll-ons, Solid sticks, Extrudable clear gels, Extrudable solids, Aerosols
• Deodorant is not an antiperspirant, but an antiperspirant can be a deodorant
• Hyperhidrosis


  Polyhidrosis or sudorrhea, Abnormally excessive sweating that's not necessarily related to heat or exercise, Profusion of sweat may be in the axillary sites, palms, feet, face, trunk, or a combination of any or all of these, Focal hyperhidrosis - excessive sweating is localized, Generalized hyperhidrosis - excessive sweating affects the entire body, Primary idiopathic hyperhidrosis – unknown cause, Secondary hyperhidrosis – caused by underlying health condition, Botox (botulinum toxin type A) - to treat severe underarm(only) sweating
• Required Qualities & Characteristics

  • Neutral or pleasant odor
  • Easy to spread
  • Pleasant feeling during application
  • Well-tolerated and non-allergenic
  • Long-term deodorization
  • Quick drying properties
  • Non-staining properties
• Mechanism of Action


  • Odor Masking
  • Odor Neutralizing
  • Odor Quenching
  • Odor Absorbing/Adsorbing
  • Esterase Inhibitors
  • Antimicrobial Ingredients
  • Antiperspirants
• Odor Masking


  Ingredients reduce the perception of odor through blending with underarm odor and masking it
• Odor Neutralizing


  Ingredients chemically neutralize odorous compounds, yielding odorless components
• Odor Quenching


  Ingredients bind to the odorous chemicals and form complexes with these materials
• Odor Absorbing/Adsorbing


  Ingredients physically neutralize odorous molecules formed in the axilla via absorption or adsorption thus decreasing the perceived odor
• Esterase Inhibitors


  Act by directly inhibiting certain enzymes of the underarm bacteria and to inhibit enzymes by shifting the pH optimal for the development of underarm odor (pH 6-7 to the acidic range, which results in odor reduction
• Antimicrobial Ingredients


  Prevent underarm odor formation by inhibiting or deactivating the bacteria responsible for bad odor formation
• Antiperspirants


  Reversibly block sweat gland excretion by forming a temporary, gelatinous plug in the eccrine duct that reduces, but does not stop, the flow of axillary perspiration, Remain within the sweat duct between 7-14 days depending on the skin desquamation, user's hygiene regimen and activity and type or quality of the product
• Aluminum-based Agents


  Like aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, aluminum dichlorohydrate, and aluminum sulfate, Aluminum chlorohydrate may be complexed with polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol as alcohol-solubilizing adjunct
• Aluminum-zirconium-based Agents


  Buffered with glycine to stabilize them & mitigate the acidic harshness resulting when applied to underarm axilla, Aluminum zirconium tri-, tetra-, penta-, and octachlorohydrate
• Deodorant and Antiperspirant Products

  • Roll-Ons: Water-Based, Hydroalcoholic, Silicone-based
  • Solid Sticks: Deodorant Sticks, Antiperspirant Sticks
  • Extrudable Clear Gels
  • Extrudable Soft Solids
  • Aerosols: Deodorant Aerosols, Antiperspirant Aerosols
• Water-Based Roll-Ons


  Usually opaque O/W emulsions, Systems are usually based on nonionic surfactants, Ingredients may include polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol ethoxylated alcohols, emollients, humectants, hydrophilic thickeners, antioxidants, chelating agents, texturizers (talc or cornstarch for a soft skin feel), preservatives, and fragrances
• Hydroalcoholic Roll-Ons


  Have a shorter drying time, Offer a refreshing feeling upon application, Only alcohol-soluble actives can be used in this system, Usually thickened with a hydrophilic polymer (cellulose derivatives or carrageenan), Emollients and silicones can also be incorporated using proper emulsifiers
• Silicone-Based Roll-Ons


  Can be formulated as anhydrous products where the actives are suspended in volatile silicone oils, such as cyclomethicone, The silicone-based formulation may be thicken to prevent sedimentation with non-surfactant suspending agents, such as quaternium-18 hectorite, Can also be formulated as W/Si emulsions, which are very popular due to the dry, non-tacky feel they provide
• Deodorant Sticks


  Typically based on sodium stearate as the gelling agent, The deodorizing agents and fragrances are usually dissolved in the hydrophilic vehicle (primary mixture of water and propylene glycol and/or dipropylene glycol), Products with alcohol are not as popular as glycol-based formulations, Nonionic surfactants are to provide transparency to the formulations, Sodium stearate to contribute to the clarity of the formulas, Contain preservatives, antioxidants, and chelating agents to improve the stability and extend the shelf-life, Neutralizing agents - to adjust the product's pH, Colorants can also be added to this formulation for aesthetic effect
• Antiperspirant Sticks


  Usually anhydrous suspensions containing the suspended antiperspirant actives in a silicone-based vehicle, Silicones (cyclopentasiloxane and cyclomethicone) – provide quick drying and dry skin feel, Myristyl myristate and octyldodecanol (liquid) – for soft skin feel and glideability, Usually contain various waxy and liquid emollients for soft skin feel
• Nonionic surfactants


  Provide transparency to the formulations
• Sodium stearate


  Contributes to the clarity of the formulas
• Preservatives, antioxidants, and chelating agents

  Improve the stability and extend the shelf-life
• Neutralizing agents


  Adjust the product's pH
• Colorants


  Added for aesthetic effect
• Antiperspirant sticks


  • Usually anhydrous suspensions containing the suspended antiperspirant actives in a silicone-based vehicle
  • Silicones (cyclopentasiloxane and cyclomethicone) provide quick drying and dry skin feel
  • Myristyl myristate and octyldodecanol (liquid) for soft skin feel and glideability
  • Usually contain various waxy and liquid emollients for soft skin feel and glideability
• PPG-4 butyl ether


  Dispersing agent
• Stearyl alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Hydrogenated castor oil


  • Hardening agents that give structure to the stick, help keep ingredients intact in the formulation and act as a lubricant
• TiO2


  Colorant & Opaquant
• Talc, Silica


  Suspending agent; can also provide lubricity for the formulation
• Extrudable clear gels


  • W/Si emulsions that appear as transparent formulations, which are often associated by consumers with a lack of white residue on the skin
  • Antiperspirant actives dissolved in water (internal phase)
  • The internal phase may also contain alcohol and humectants (propylene glycol)
  • Blend of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives
  • Special silicone blends of surfactants are used to stabilize the emulsion (cyclopentasiloxane and PEG/PPG-18/18 dimethicone copolymer)
• Extrudable soft solids


  • Usually white anhydrous silicone suspension pastes
  • Powdered active is suspended in silicone (cyclopentasiloxane) and/or hydrocarbon (isohexadecane)
  • Paste is thickened to desired viscosity with waxes like C18-36 acid triglyceride and tribehenin
  • Rub-in quickly, non-tacky, leave little residue on skin, and deliver high levels of antiperspirant protection
  • Also contain preservative, chelating agents, antioxidants, color additives, and fragrances
  • Particle Size of the Powder Active Ingredient is below 45 micrometers which ensures good-skin feel
  • The smaller the particle size, the slower the sedimentations, and the greater the stability of the system
• Aerosol


  • Popular due to hygienic and easy-to-use product form
  • Factors that need to be optimized in order to have a dry skin feel when using the aerosol include Spray Rate, Spray Shape, Particle Size, Product Concentration, Propellant-Product Ratio, Fragrance Concentration, and Pressure in the Aerosol Can
• Deodorant aerosol


  • Contain a solution of deodorant ingredients such as antimicrobial active in ethanol and/or propylene glycol
  • It is blended with liquefied propellant
  • Propane, butane, and isobutane are most commonly used as propellants
  • These ingredients are condensed to form a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid
  • Provide a dry skin feeling as anhydrous formulations
• Antiperspirant aerosol


  • Are anhydrous formulations wherein antiperspirant actives are suspended in the product concentrate and are not solubilized
  • Vehicle consists of volatile silicone oils (cyclomethicone or a mixture of ester oils and silicones)
  • Suspending agents like stearalkonium bentonite and hectorite are used to stabilize product to prevent agglomeration of solid particles
  • Are amorphous silicon dioxide or glaze
  • Usually shaken before use
• Antiperspirants


  • Generally soluble in water (silicone oils or ester oils)
  • The application of concentrated aqueous solution can leave a tack feeling on the skin, so the use of silicone oils or ester oils are used
  • Aluminum powders tend to leave a visible white residue on the skin or clothing when formulated into anhydrous systems (PPG-14 butyl ether)
  • The use of emollients can help minimize this problem
  • Have an acidic pH (4.0-4.2) when dissolved in water (carbomers)
  • Thickeners like carbomers need to be neutralized to optimize the viscosity
  • Contain actives in undissolved suspended state (suspending aids)
  • Sedimentation can be prevented by using the proper suspending aids, which also thickens the formulation making it more difficult for the powder to settle
  • Actives are soluble in sweat (emollients)
  • Hydrophobic ingredients such as emollients can greatly influence the effectiveness of the antiperspirant actives
  • Actives are more readily available and effective if water-phase is the external phase of emulsions (aqueous solutions)
  • Diffusion of the actives from the vehicle to the skin is expected to be quick and easy from the aqueous solutions