RPH Midterm

• Human presence


  • Coexistence
  • Cohabitation
  • Temporary status
• Habitation


  • Independent existence
  • Permanent residency
  • Sense of security
• Human presence does not necessarily mean habitation; it must be construed as temporary status of residency rather than establishing permanent settlement
• Evidence of human presence can be deduced from artifacts such as tools, coal heaps, and middens left in the area of temporary settlement (archaeological site)
• Factors that dictate human presence

  • Presence due to expeditionary outcomes
  • Presence as a result of human exploratory nature
  • Presence as indicative of availability of resources for sustenance
• Habitation


  The state or process of living in a particular place; or the place in which to live like a house or a home
• Habitation is not an indication, but the first step in building a civilization. All civilizations are deeply rooted in a culture
• There is lots of evidence showing human presence in this archipelago during the early period of Philippine Prehistory. Such presence does not necessarily mean that they have established permanent settlements (habitation) upon their arrival considering that their way of life depends on hunting and gathering
• Migration


  Movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or living conditions
• Push factors of migration

  • Food shortage
  • Conflict
  • War
  • Natural calamities and disasters like frequent flooding
• Pull factors of migration

  • Nicer climate
  • Better food supply
  • Security
• Types of migration


  • Internal migration - Moving WITHIN a state, country, or continent
  • External migration - Moving TO a state, country, or continent
  • Emigration - Leaving one country to move to another
  • Immigration - Moving into a new country
• Drivers or motivators of human migration in prehistoric times

  • Food sources
  • Scarcity
  • Natural calamities and disasters
  • Adventure
  • Population growth
  • Climate condition
  • Natural resources
• Intention in migration


  Migration can be temporary, occasional, or permanent. Intention is an important factor - the intent to temporarily or occasionally leave one's place assures that there will be coming back on the part of the person but when there is no intent of returning, leaving the place is permanent
• Exploration


  The action of exploring an unfamiliar area or the action of searching an area for natural resources. It is a process of exploring with some expectation of discovery
• Types of exploration


  • Intrinsic exploration - Directed towards a specific goal other than the activity itself
  • Extrinsic exploration - Wandering around without a specific goal
• Human presence in the Philippines during its prehistory is indicative of man exploring his surroundings because of his innate nature of being curious to find out what is 'hidden' or 'unknown' to him and it may not be the migration the way we currently understand the term

  
• The waves of migration theories need to be put into an acid test as the migration of people in the early Philippines may not have happened as a result of mass movement of people from one place to another but happened as a result of several natural processes and conditionalities - the drivers (push factors) or motivators (pull factors) of human migration
• Significant developments and technologies in the prehistoric Philippines

  • Old Stone Age - Sharp edged stones produced through chipping and flaking
  • New Stone Age - Polished stone tools done through rubbing
  • Metal (Iron) Age - Use of iron in tool production
  • Cultivation of rice
  • Building of shelter - Caves, rock shelters, built shelters and fortifications, dwelling houses and palaces
• The period before the coming of the Spaniards in 1521 and its subsequent colonization in 1565 is no longer called Philippine Prehistory, but Philippine Antiquity

  
• The rationale behind this designation is the recent confirmation of Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) that the country's written history can be pushed back from mid-1500 to 900 CE
• Evidence of written documents automatically 'terminates' the period of prehistory. Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) ended the previously held notion of Philippine Prehistory on Monday, April 21, 900 CE
• Philippine Antiquity was chosen instead of Pre-Hispanic History or Precolonial History because it serves as a prelude to the present civilization

  
• Theories of migration and expansion

  • Henry Otley Beyer's Wave Migration Theory
  • Fritjof Voss' 'Sunken' Land Bridges Theory
  • F. Landa Jocano's Core Population Theory
  • Stephen Oppenheimer's Out of Sundaland Model
  • Peter Stafford Bellwood's Out-of-Taiwan Model
• Sundaland


  Also known as Sundaica or Sundaic region
• Thousands of years ago, the islands of Sundaland were actually connected to mainland Asia, but as sea levels changed over the years that connection eventually disappeared
• Out of Sundaland model


  Assumes that the origin of the Austronesian peoples is the sunken landmass of Sundaland in the modern-day Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Malay Peninsula
• The Out of Sundaland model has been criticized for relying only on the mtDNA (human mitochondrial DNA) genetic data without accounting admixture events which resulted to mistakenly combining much older Paleolithic Negrito populations with Neolithic Austronesian peoples
• Peter Stafford Bellwood


  Professor Emeritus of Archaeology, ANU, known for his Out-of-Taiwan model
• Out-of-Taiwan model


  • Based on linguistic, genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence
  • Suggests that the early Filipinos originated from eastern Southern China opposite of Taiwan and from there was brought to Taiwan by maritime Chinese bringing with them the culture of rice production around 7 KYA
• Proto-Austronesians developed several distinct Austronesian languages after around 2,000 years ago
• One unknown Austronesian speaking group moved to Northern Luzon bringing with them rice farming and absorbed every hunting and gathering culture they came in contact with
• By around 4500 years ago, Austronesians were able to reach southern Mindanao – and from there, they spread both eastward and westward
• Austronesian Expansion Theory or Austronesian Migration Theory


  Also known as the Out-of-Taiwan model
• The Out-of-Taiwan model is not true according to Martin Richards, an archaeologist genetic researcher from Huddersfield University, who debunked it in a 2016 study
• The data analyzed by Prof. Richards and his team involves 12,000 mitochondrial sequences and revealed that 'the expansion from Indonesia some 8,000 years ago' resulted in populations throughout Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands that shared mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomes
• While still various branches of Austronesian languages can be traced to Taiwanese origin, and DNA analyses do show that there are some expansions from Taiwan about 4,000 years ago but this accounted to a minority of the whole region's population – no more than 20%
• Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN)


  An alternative to Peter Bellwood's Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis proposed by Wilhelm G. Solheim II
• Solheim II argued that 'there is no known language in the Philippines that have originated from a single Austronesian language from Pre- or Proto-Austronesian that originated in Taiwan although he admits that he is not a linguist
• Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN)


  Proposes that the formation of the population (of the Filipinos) goes back as early as 50 KYA long before the development of Austronesian languages