unit 8

• Newly Independent States


  • The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states
  • The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements
• New states created


  • Israel
  • Cambodia
  • Pakistan/India
• Partition of India


  The India Independence Act of 1947 partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah (from the Muslim League) was the first governor of Pakistan
• Economic changes in newly independent states


  • Governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development
  • Migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires
• Examples of governments guiding economic life

  • Gamal Abdel Nasser's promotion of economic development in Egypt
  • Indira Gandhi's economic policies in India
  • Julius Nyerere's modernization in Tanzania
  • Sirimavo Bandaranaike's economic policies in Sri Lanka
• Examples of migrations


  • South Asians to Britain
  • Algerians to France
  • Filipinos to the United States
• Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900

  • Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend
  • Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts
  • Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century
  • Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict
  • Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims
• Individuals and groups that promoted nonviolence

  • Mohandas Gandhi
  • Martin Luther King Jr.
  • Nelson Mandela
• Movements that used violence

  • Shining Path
  • Al-Qaeda
• Examples of mass violence committed by totalitarian states

  • The Nazi Holocaust
  • The genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge
  • The liquidation of the Ukrainian kulaks under Stalin
  • The "Great Terror" committed by the Soviet Union under Stalin in the late 1930s
  • The mass violence used by the Chinese communist government under Mao Zedong to force people to accept communist policies during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution
• Examples of democratic states committing mass violence

  • In the nineteenth century European states such as Britain and France violating their democratic principles by using mass violence to crush African resistance to European rule
  • British soldiers and settlers committing mass violence against indigenous populations in Australia
  • The firebombing of Dresden during World War II
• Rummel's view of the relationship between democracy and mass violence was likely shaped by the end of the Cold War when the United States and its democratic allies had emerged victorious over totalitarian regimes such as the communist Soviet Union
• Rummel's argument was likely shaped by the development of a liberal international order after the Second World War, which included the development of institutions such as the United Nations that advocated for peace and international cooperation
• Ethnic cleansing perpetrated by Serbian forces in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s would likely have shaped Rummel's arguments about the relationship between democracies and mass violence because Serbia was an authoritarian state under Slobodan Milosevic
• Rummel's assertion that democratic states will not engage in mass violence was likely shaped by conservative thinkers who argued after the end of the Cold War that democracy had triumphed, every state would soon adopt democracy, and war between states would end
• STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
• Tehran Conference (1943)


  Allies agree to an end strategy for WWII - Russia will attack from the east, US and Britain will attack from the West. In return, USSR will get part of Poland at the end of the war.
• Overview


  • Non-Aligned Movement
  • Impact of the Non-Aligned Movement and Types of Resistance
  • Decolonization after 1900
  • Communism in China
  • Changes in Iran
  • Land Reform Leads to Changes in Latin America, Asia, and Africa
• Yalta Conference (1945)


  Allies discuss what to do after WWII in Europe and how to defeat Japan. FDR/US wants free elections and for the USSR to help end the war in the Pacific, Stalin/USSR wants control over Eastern Europe to prevent another Hitler and will help fight Japan if given some islands in the Pacific.
• Potsdam Conference (1945)


  Allies discuss peace in Europe, and Stalin (who is occupying Eastern Europe) refuses to leave. Germany is split into four sections between Allied powers (Berlin is split as well); tensions between the US and USSR mounts; prelude to Cold War.
• Non-Aligned Movement


  • Countries taking part of this movement not only fought against the 'inevitability' of two superpowers fighting a Cold War, but fought for independence from colonialism
• The League of Nations of WWI failed, so the US, Britain, USSR, and China create the UNITED NATIONS
• US


  • Suffered least from destruction of WWII
• Types of Resistance (to Colonization and Government)

  • Nonviolent: Civil Disobedience (use of peaceful protesting through breaking of laws, noncompliance, boycotting, and marches)
  • Violent: Armed conflict, guerrilla warfare, terrorism
• USSR


  • Only country that can challenge the US militarily and via political influence
• Nonviolent Resistance


  • Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr. Nelson Mandela; often seen with student protests (ex. Kent State, student marches in France in 1968, etc)
• Capitalism/Democracy


  "You're simply the West - better than all the rest"
• Violent Resistance


  • Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Northern Ireland
  • Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) in Spain
  • Shining Path in Peru
  • al-Qaeda (Middle East), Boko Haram (Africa), Islamic State of Iraq/Levant (ISIL), Taliban (Middle East)
• Communism


  Seen not just as an economic but political and cultural challenge to capitalism/democracy
• Decolonization


  The process of gaining independence from colonial rule
• The atomic bomb was the one new technology during WWII that impacted the Cold War the most
• Cold War


  A state of hostility that exists between two states, chiefly characterized by an ideological struggle rather than open warfare
• The Cold War


  A standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union that transformed global politics for about four decades after World War II
• World War I was called the war to end all wars, but then World War II was even more devastating and deadly
• The Allied Powers won World War II, but the enormous cost and destruction meant they were not leaping in victory as much as limping away from it and trying not to bleed out everywhere
• In the wake of the devastation of World War II, two global superpowers emerged: the United States and the Soviet Union
• Reasons the US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers

  • Economic advantages
  • Technological advantages
• Economic advantages of the US

  Mobilization for World War II created an economic turnaround, and the US experienced almost no destructive consequences of the war unlike European countries
• Economic advantages of the Soviet Union

  The centralized command economy could draw on natural resources and a large population, and had infrastructure in place for recovery after the war