Translation

• What is the first step of initiation in translation?


  Ribosome (Small Subunit) finds the mRNA and binds to it
• What does the small subunit bind to in eukaryotes?


  The 5' cap
• What does the small subunit bind to in prokaryotes? 


  It binds to the Shine Dalgarno
• What part of the rRNA allows the small subunit to bind to the 5' end on the prokaryote?


  The 5' end on the mRNA has a shine Dalgarno, so the rRNA has an anti - shine dalgarno
• what is ribonucleoprotein composed of?


  Ribosomal RNA + Protein
• Where are ribosomes made in Eukaryotes?


  In the Nucleus
• How many ribosomal subunits are there?

  2 (Small and Large)
• True or False: Ribosomes locate the start codon (AUG)


  True
• What factors help the small subunit find the start codon in prokaryotes? 


  Initiation Factor
• What factors help the small subunit find the start codon in eukaryotes?


  Kozak Sequence
• Where can the kozak sequence be found?


  mRNA
• What is a Svedberg (S)? 


  A unit of measurement that measures size based on how quickly an object sediments in a centrifuge
• What is the second step of translation?


  Ribosome locates the translation start site
• What sequence does the start site have?


  Start Codon AUG
• How many nucleotides are in a codon? 


  3, also known as triplets
• True or False: Each triplet codes for 1 amino acid?

  True
• What is the third step of initiation in translation?


  Initiator tRNA binds
• When does the tRNA know when to bind to the AUG codon?


  When the small subunit reaches the AUG
• How does the tRNA bind to the AUG codon?

  It has an anticodon and it H-Bonds to the AUG codon
• What does tRNA do? 


  It carries the amino acids to make a polypeptide chain
• What is an anticodon?


  Complementary sequence on tRNA
• What is the starting amino acid in prokaryotes?


  fmet
• What is the starting amino acid in Eukaryotes when tRNA binds with the AUG sequence? 


  met
• What is the fourth step of initiation in translation?

  Ribosome Large subunit binds
• How many binding sites are there for tRNA


  3
• What are the 3 binding sites for tRNA?

  E Site

  P Site

  A Site
• What does the A Site do?


  Holds the aatRNA that carries the next amino acids so they can be added 
• What does the P site do?


  It carries the tRNA that is holding the growing polypeptide chain
• What does the E site do?

  Allows the tRNA to exits the ribosome
• What is the first step of elongation in translation?


  Codon recognition
• In codon recognition, what binding site does the tRNA go to first?


  The A site
• What bonds form at the A site

  H-Bonds between the mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon
• Is energy required in the A site?


  Yes
• What is the second step of elongation in translation 


  Peptide Bond Formation
• True or False: Peptide bond formation, the ribosome catalyze the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acids on the P site and the amino acids on the A site 


  True
• What is the results of the amino acids being catalyzed by the ribosome? 


  The polypeptide chain grows longer by 1 amino acid
• What is the third step of elongation in Translation?


  Translocation
• True or false: Translocation doesn't require energy


  False
• What happens if the tRNA moves from the P site to the E site?


  The tRNA leaves the ribosome
• What happens if the tRNA moves from the A site to the P site?

  The polypeptide chain will return to the P site and it will be ready for the next polymerization