physical barriers

• • Skin– tightly pakced epithelial cells that provide an impenetrable barrier against the entry of pathogens and the outermost layer is constantly shed to remove pathogens
• • Cell junctions– ability for adjacent cells to anchor themselves together more effectively increasing cohesion and restricting access to pathogens
• • Mucous membranes – special type of epithelial tissue lining the respiratory, digestive, reproductive and excretory systems. Seretes mucus to trap and moe pathogens out of the body by various methods, e.g coughing, sneezing or urination
• • Cilia– hair like structures that extend from the surface of most mammalian cells, e.g in nasal passages, ear canal, oesophagus
• • Act like nets to trap and move pathogens out the body