After Exam 3

• African-Centered Sociology


  • The critical study of the structure and functioning of the Black community as a whole
  • The various units and processes which compose and define it and its relations with people and forces external to it
• Dichotomous Trends


  • Knowledge as an instrument of hegemony
  • Knowledge as an instrument of liberation
• Locations for Understanding


  • FORT
  • Recovery and transformation illuminates/bring forth Agency RT
• Joyce A. Ladner: 'The Death of White Sociology'
• Problem People Thesis


  Genetic and Cultural pathology is inherent in the African/Black being
• Mainstream Sociology


  • Focused on social control and a gradual change in race relations through existing institutional structures
  • Assigned responsibility to the oppressed for their own oppression, rather than to the effects of institutional inequality, social restrictions and class imbalances
• Order Equilibrium Model


  • Society is a structural arrangement made up of interdependent parts, each contributing to the equilibrium of the system
  • Any phenomenon that upsets this equilibrium is regarded as problematic
• Homeostatic State


  • Emphasized the reactive and pathological in American life
  • Denied that African Americans possessed and inherited culture of their own, lacked the capacity to act effectively in their own past
  • Aspired to be assimilated and to disappear as a racially distinct population
• Black Sociology


  Emerged as a response to the 1960's with the objective of correcting the dominant myths, sterotypes, and misinterpretations of the African
• Black Sociology's Core Themes

  • Inequalities in the distributions of political and economic privilege
  • Social conflict
  • Race – related social identities on the conduct of sociological inquiry in a society deeply influenced by institutional inequalities
• Areas of Research Emphasis

  • Identifying factors that contribute to an understanding of Black people's behavior including determinates of social oppression, which when eradicated will facilitate the release of Black people from race – related social oppression
  • Racial – and class-based analyses of intergroup relations, especially focusing on social conflict and social change
  • Critical perspectives in analyses of 'established' social institutions with a focus on racialized survivals in the structures and social effects of existing organizations
• Sociology as a discipline has never fully developed its promise to apply the tools and knowledge of sociology beyond the academy
• Public Sociology


  A type of Sociology that seeks to being Sociology to publics beyond the academy, promoting dialogue about issues that influence the fate of society
• The ASA Task Force emphasized encouraging research that addresses ' social problems, conveys sociological insights, and applies sociological knowledge to solving social problems'
• African – centered Sociology Realized potential


  • Has demonstrated the potential to respond to these concerns by incorporating Black Sociology's focus on praxis and integrating an Afrocentric approach
• The 3 Paradigms


  • The Deficiency Paradigm: Black Americans have no real culture, that enslavement destroyed it
  • The Crusian Paradigm: Cultural oppression is tightly interlocked with political and economic oppression
  • Kawaida Paradigm: Key to the process oof cultural construction and reconstruction is the ongoing dialog with African culture
• The 2 schools


  • The Pathological- Pathogenic School: Enslavement, urbanization and racial realities prevented prevented prerpetuation of the Black family and imposed servere strains on it's ability to function effectively
  • Adaptive Vitality School: Adaptation by Blacks to socio-economic pressures and limitations must not be seen as pathology, but as strength
• 2nd Reconstruction


  • Progressive Actions
  • Presidents' involvement
  • Federal Courts
  • Congress
• Locations


  • Race
  • Reform
  • Rebellion
• Lyndon Baines Johnson's lifespan


  August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973
• Lyndon Baines Johnson


  An unlikely hero due to his world view
• Filibuster


  A type of parliamentary procedure where debate is extended, allowing one or more members to delay or entirely prevent a vote on a given proposal not allowing it to get to the floor so a vote can be taken
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law


  June 29 1964
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964


  • To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States
  • To provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations
  • To authorize the attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights
  • To prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity and for other purpose
  • Did not require employers to hire workers on the basis of race to correct racial imbalances in the workplace
• The North saw Lyndon Baines Johnson as a dumb Texan, hillbilly that has a big belt buckle, eats bloody steaks, and drinks a-lot
• Deliberations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

  1. Passed the Senate on May 26, 1965 (77-19)

  2. Passed the House with amendment on July 9, 1965 (333-85)

  3. Reported by the joint conference committee on July 29, 1965

  4. Agreed to by the House on August 3, 1965 (328 – 74)

  5. Agreed to by the Senate on August 4, 1965 (79-18)
• The Voting Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson


  August 6, 1965
• The Voting Rights Act


  Prohibits states and local governments from imposing any ''voting qualification'' or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure''… to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color
• FLO


  Freedom, Liberty and Opportunity
• President Johnson urged Congress to pass the tax – cut bill that Kennedy had sent to Capital Hill
• The tax cut passed and $10 billion in cuts took effect
• Public Policy to Public Economy

  Who gets what's and how
• The Great Society – Policy Areas

  • Race
  • Civil Rights
  • Education
  • War on Poverty
  • Health
  • Welfare
  • Transportation
  • Consumer Protection
  • Environment
  • Housing
  • Rural Development
• Two Main Goals of the Great Society

  • Elimination of Poverty
  • Racial Injustice
• War on Poverty


  • Economic Opportunity Act—Provided $1 billion in aid to metropolitan areas
  • Created the Job Corps
  • Created Vista (Volunteers in service to America)
  • Created Project Head Start for underprivileged preschoolers
  • Created the community Action Program which encouraged the poor participate to public works program
• Education


  • The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided $1 billion to help public schools buy textbooks and library materials
  • This Act represented the first major federal aid package for education in the U.S
• Healthcare


  • Enhanced Social Security by establishing Medicare and Medicaid
  • Medicare Provided hospital insurance and low- cost medical care to the elderly
  • Medicaid provided health benefits to the poor
• Housing


  • President Johnson and Congress appropriated money to build 240,000 units of low – rent public housing
  • Established the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
• Environment


  • The Water Quality Act of 1965 required states to clean up their rivers and lakes
  • President Johnson also ordered the government to clean up corporate polluters of the environment
• Supreme Court and Reform of Individual Rights

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) - illegally seized evidence could not be used in court
  • Escobedo v. Illinois - the accused has the right to have an attorney present when questioned by police
  • Miranda v. Arizona - all suspects must be read their rights before questioning