Embryology and introduction to Anatomy

• Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com
• Eukaryotic cells

  Membrane-bound cell organelles that carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
• Eukaryotic model cellular anatomy

  • Three main regions: 1. Nucleus, 2. Cytoplasm (Cytosol - gel with water, ions, proteins, Organelles), 3. Plasma membrane
• Differences between plant and animal cells

  • Cell wall (Absent in animal cells, Present in plant cells formed of cellulose)
  • Plastids (Absent in animal cells, Present in plant cells)
  • Vacuole (One or more small vacuoles in animal cells, One large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume in plant cells)
  • Cilia and centriole (Present in animal cells, Absent in plant cells with anastral mitotic spindle)
  • Chloroplast (Absent in animal cells, Present in plant cells)
• Cell wall

  • Composed of cellulose, Provide support and limited plasticity, Prevent loss of water, Protection from insects and pathogens, Prevent overexpansion caused by too much water
• Chloroplast

  • Photosynthesis (Anaerobic) occurs inside the Mesophyll, Chlorophyll absorb sunlight, 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Anaerobic respiration (human) = lactic acidosis
• Contribution of selected scientists to the cell theory

  • Significance of the cell size
  • Different types of microscopes
  • Types of cells
  • Difference between plant and animal cells
• Anatomy

  The study of the structure and function of the body and its parts
• Cell

  The microscopic structural and functional unit of an organism
• Cell Doctrine

  • The modern understanding of the cell
  • The history of the cell discovery
• Concepts of the Cell Theory

  • 4 concepts
• Basic cell types

  • 2 types
• Cell size

  The uniqueness of cell sizes
• Cytology

  The branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, multiplication, pathology and life history of cells
• Cells are microscopic structural and functional unit of an organism
• Cell size

  Cell's surface area and volume can be proportional to each other
• Cell size

  Helps with the efficiency of the cell's absorption and waste expulsion processes
• Cell size

  Enables fast communication from the nucleus to other organelles and the cell can be regulation
• Cell size

  Enables easy diffusion of materials
• Significance of small cell size

  The significance of a small cell size
• The wacky History of the cell theory

  PART 2
• The history of the cell theory

  Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
• Dutch scientist
• Discovered a microscope

  1676
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

  First microbiologist
• The history of the cell theory

  Robert Hooke 1665
• English scientist
• Robert Hooke

  First person to see a cell (discover)
• Robert Hooke

  Using a simple compound microscope
• Robert Hooke

  He observed piece of cork
• Robert Hooke

  He then called a structure he saw a cell
• The history of the cell theory

  Matthias Scleiden
• German Botanist
• Matthias Scleiden

  Concluded that all plants have cells
• The history of the cell theory

  Theodore Schwann
• German physiologist
• Theodore Schwann

  Observed an animal tissue
• Theodore Schwann

  Concluded that animals are also composed of cells
• The cell theory: 4 basic concepts

  • All living things are composed of one or more cells
  • Cells are the smallest functioning units of life
  • Cells are produced by division of pre-existing cells
  • Each cell maintains homeostasis