Armed Forces

• 1960s: newly independent African nations formed OAU (Organisation of African Unity) and aimed to end Apartheid but was limited by lack of money and military power compared to South Africa
• South Africa was protected by 'buffer states' under white minority rule, it was seen as a leader and bastion of white supremacy values; whites led Angola, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia at the time), and Mozambique in 1969
• Western Countries' ignored OAU Issues due to he economic and political benefits of South Africa link and weren't prepared to declare war on South Africa to end Apartheid
• Lusaka Manifesto 1969: African nations met in Lusaka, Zambia, to issue a manifesto, aimed to end apartheid peacefully, but South Africa's government prevented peaceful action, so they turned to militancy; 'Front-line' countries, close to South Africa, provided training for guerrilla fighters, despite the manifesto's success, geography, economic, and military forces hindered its implementation
• The International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF): Established in Britain in 1965 by Canon John Collins, collected funds to aid apartheid opponents, pay for lawyers, and support families of imprisoned, countered South African propaganda and worked with Oliver Tambo to promote peaceful opposition post-ANC exile