PE LESSON 1 REVIEWER

• First Aid


  Immediate, temporary care given to those suddenly taken ill
• Medical Emergency


  Sudden illness requiring immediate medical attention
• Objectives and Importance of First Aid

  • Save and prolong life
  • Prevent further injuries
  • Alleviate pain
• Role of a First Aider

  • Bridge the gap between the Doctor and the victim
  • Duty ends once the Medical help arrives
• Qualities of a good first aider

  • Relaxed and does not panic
  • Resourceful
  • Maximizes the use of all his senses
  • Assuring
• DSRABC Action Plan


  1. Danger

  2. Send/Shout for help

  3. Responsiveness

  4. Airway

  5. Breathing

  6. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Danger


  Check the surroundings are safe and out of danger, Identify the danger and source of injury
• Send/Shout for help


  You can also use colored smoke or improvised signal mirrors
• Responsiveness


  Does the IP respond to touch, sight, and sound? Is the IP moving? Can they open and close their eyes?
• Airway


  Is the person's airway clear? Tilt the head back with the chin facing up and check airway by opening mouth and looking inside
• Breathing


  Listen to the exhalation, feel the air coming out of the mouth or nose. Check the rise/fall of the chest ~ breathing
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation


  Lifesaving technique administered when IP has no pulse and not breathing, Involves Compression, Airway, Breathing
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation


  • Restores blood circulation, Clears airway, Provides breath for the person
• Common Injuries and Illnesses in the Outdoors

  • Cuts, scrapes and punctures
  • Sprains, strains, and fractures
  • Concussions
  • Blisters
  • Burns or Scalds
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Altitude/Mountain Sickness
  • Hyperthermia
• Arterial Blood


  Oxygenated blood in the circulatory system found in the pulmonary vein (left chamber of the heart), Bright red, pumped by largest chamber of the heart ~ greater pressure
• Venous Blood


  Low oxygen level, Dark red/violet (right chamber of the heart)
• Sprain & Strain Categories

  • Grade I: mild, minor tear of ligament or muscle
  • Grade II: partial tear of ligament or muscle
  • Grade III: severe injury, torn ligament or muscle
• Sprain & Strain Treatment

  • Grade I: rice
  • Grade II: rice, may require immobilization to hasten healing process
  • Grade III: severe injury, torn ligament or muscle
• Fractures Treatment


  • Suspected injury to the head, neck or back
  • Bone is sticking out of the skin
  • Bleeding does not stop after several minutes of firm pressure
  • Blood spurts from wound
• Fractures First-aid Treatment


  1. Immobilize injured area

  2. Clean and dress cuts before splinting

  3. Apply pressure to the wound with clean cloth until bleeding stops

  4. Tape dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler with first-aid tape

  5. Avoid moving injured limb and never try to twist it back into place
• Concussions Treatments


  • Treat cuts
  • Apply ice or compress if no ice available
• Seek immediate medical help for Concussions if

  • One vomits repeatedly
  • The pupil becomes unequal
  • IP looks agitated or confused
  • One is unconscious or passes out
  • One feels drowsy
  • There is slurred speech
  • One experiences a seizure
• Blister Treatment


  1. Place adhesive over the affected area

  2. Wash area with soap and water and put antibiotic cream

  3. Drain a blister with sterilized needle and apply antibacterial solution and cover with gauze dressing
• Burn Treatment


  • 1st Degree Burn: Put affected area in running water until pain subsides, Cover with sterile, nonadhesive bandage
  • 2nd Degree Burn: Immerse in cool water for 10-15 minutes, Protect burn with sterile, nonstick bandage and secure with gauze
  • 3rd Degree Burn: Immerse in cool water for 10-15 minutes, Protect burn with sterile, nonstick bandage and secure with gauze, Wait for emergency personnel
• Fever Emergency Treatment


  • Unresponsive ~ heat stroke, meningitis
  • Difficulty breathing ~ pneumonia
  • Lips turning blue ~ lack of oxygen (Cyanosis)
  • Convulsions or seizures ~ febrile seizure (children)
  • Sudden onset of rashes ~ Measles, Chicken Pox
• Headache


  Often experienced in trekking/hiking due to lack of eye protection (bright), tension in the neck, dehydration ~ swelling of brain tissue due to excessive sweating
• Altitude/Mountain Sickness (AMS)


  Thinner air and lower O2 content, Lower O2 concentration in the body, decreased air pressure in the lungs, Rate of ascent too sudden for the body to adjust to the high altitude
• Altitude Sickness Factors


  • Climb is too fast + overexertion
  • Inadequate fluid intake
  • Alcohol Consumption
  • Hypothermia
• High-altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)


  Fluid build-up in the lungs causing one to breathe with difficulty, Can lead to respiratory collapse and death, Can be gradual or sudden but typically occurs after more than a day spent at high altitude
• High-altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)


  Fluid build-up in the brain, causing swelling, Obvious change in mental state, impaired coordination and walking, lethargy and comatose ~ death
• Altitude Sickness according to height

  • Above 4000m: HAPE and HACE
  • 3500m to 400m: HAPE, some altitude sickness symptoms
  • Roughly 3300m: general symptoms of AMS (Acute Mountain Sickness)
• Altitude Sickness Preventive Measures

  • Drink 4 - 5 liters of water per day
  • Stay warm
  • Acclimatize your body with proper amount of rest
  • Do not walk rapidly
• Altitude Sickness Treatment


  1. Severe symptoms ~ immediately descend 450m to 610m using minimal exertion

  2. Mild symptoms ~ stop at current elevation

  3. Provide O2 if available, rest, give plenty of liquids and pain relievers if needed
• Hyperthermia


  Condition where the body produces/absorbs heat more than it can dispel
• Hyperthermia Causes


  • Increase in air temperature
  • Sun / Solar Radiation
  • Poor ventilation due to clothing
  • Low Fitness Level
• Altitude Sickness


  Symptoms: hallucinations, loss of consciousness, fever, fatigue, photophobia, hypertension, confusion, coma, shortness of breath, inability to walk
• Altitude Sickness by height

  • Above 4000m: HAPE and HACE
  • 3500m to 400m: HAPE, some altitude sickness symptoms
  • Roughly 3300m: general symptoms of AMS (Acute Mountain Sickness)
• Altitude Sickness Preventive Measures

  • Drink 4 - 5 liters of water per day
  • Stay warm
  • Acclimatize your body with proper amount of rest
  • Do not walk rapidly
• Hyperthermia Causes


  • Increase in air temperature
  • Sun / Solar Radiation
  • Poor ventilation due to clothing
  • Low Fitness Level
• Heat Cramps


  • Muscle spasms that usually occur in the legs or abdomen
  • Usually occurs during heavy activity in hot environments
  • Lactic acid build up + loss of fluids and electrolytes through perspiration