3.08 aldehydes and ketones

• What are carbonyls?

  Compounds with a C=O bond. Either aldehydes or ketones.
• What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?

  Aldydes, have C=O group at the end or begining of compound, suffix - al

  
  

  Ketones, have C=O group in the middle of the compound, suffix - one
• What is the strongest IMF found in carbonyls?

  Permanent dipole dipoles.
• How do you get from an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

  Reduction with NaBH4 in aqueous ethanol with room temp and pressure.
• How do you get from a ketone to a secondary alcohol?

  Reduction (nucleophilic addition) with NaBH4 in aqueous ethanol with room temp and pressure.
• How do you get from a aldehyde to a hydroxynitrile?

  Nucleophillic addition

  
  

  Reagent: sodium cyanide (NaCN) and dilute sulfuric acid.

  
  

  Conditions: Room temperature and pressure
• How do you get from a ketone to a hydroxynitrile?

  Nucleophillic addition

  
  

  Reagent: sodium cyanide (NaCN) and dilute sulfuric acid.

  
  

  Conditions: Room temperature and pressure
• When turning carbonyls to hydroxynitrile sis why do we use KCN/NaCN instead of HCN?

  HCN is difficult to contain as it is a toxic gas, and it is a weak acid so would only partially dissociate so the others would cause a higher conc of CN- ions.