Chap 8

• alertness


  a state of consciousness. Associated with arousal. Involve the ability to remain attentive to our surroundings.
• altered state of consciousness


  not alert, due to head injuries, toxins, or other medical conditions
• Alertness and arousal are controlled by

  reticular formation aka reticular activating system
• William James


  spoke of a stream of consciousness
• Robert Sternberg


  refers to consciousness as a mental reality that we create in order to adapt to the world
• preconscious level


  contains information that is available to consciousness but is not always in consciousness. For example, directions to frequently visited places, or automatic behaviors like how to ride a bicycle
• controlled processing


  in which we are very aware of what we are doing
• automatic processing


  in which we perform tasks mechanically, such as brushing teeth
• A neurochemical that plays a role in sleep

  melatonin
• what happens after two 24 hour cycle without sleep?


  hallucinations and delusions can begin
• What happens after 4 24 hour cycles without sleep


  can lead to paranoia and other psychological disturbances
• circadian rhythm


  a day-to-night patter than our body temperatures and other physiological markers follow
• pineal gland


  region of the brain responsible for the production of melatonin
• If all time cues are removed, our bodies tend to follow a...

  25 hour rhythm, called the free-running rhythm
• EEGs


  Electroencephalogram. Provides a picture of the electrical activity of the brain
• Beta wave


  when we are awake and focused
• Alpha waves


  when we are awake but more relaxed
• Theta waves


  when we drift off to sleep
• sleep spindles


  a pattern of waves during stage 2 sleep
• K complex


  break up the sleep spindles. Large, slow waves. Skeletal muscles relax during this portion of sleep.
• Delta waves


  most common wave in sleep stages 3 and 4.
• REM

  rapid eye movement. Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman discovered that the eyes move vigorously during this stage
• Which brain waves are during REM sleep

  theta and beta
• REM sleep is also known as

  paradoxical sleep
• muscles during REM sleep

  suppressed skeletal muscle tone
• which stages of sleep diminish and eventually disappear

  3 and 4
• William Dement


  showed REM rebound (how participants lacking REM sleep had a longer REM sleep after the experiment)
• manifest content


  according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the storyline and imagery of the dream. It offers insight into and important symbols relating to unconscious processes.
• latent content


  according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the emotional significance and underlying meaning of the dream
• activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming


  postulates that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we are sleeping. (if it starts raining outside, we may dream of a waterfall)
• problem-solving theory of dreaming


  that dreams provide a chance for the mind to work out issues that occupy its attention during waking hours
• What occurs during dreams

  Neural repair, consolidation of memories, and protein synthesis
• when do nightmares occur

  REM sleep
• Dyssomnias


  abnormalities in the amount, quantity, or timing of sleep. Include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.
• Insomnia


  most common sleep disorder. inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep. Temporary insomnia is caused by chronic stress, alcohol or stimulants such as caffeine.
• Narcolepsy


  inability to stay awake. But when they fall asleep, it's typically only for a few minutes of REM sleep. This can be treated, but cause is unknown. Possible cause is dysfunction of region of hypothalamus.
• Sleep apnea


  person repeatedly stops breathing while sleeping, which results in awakening after a minute or so without air. Can happen hundreds of times in a night, leaving the sufferer exhausted during daytime. associated with obesity and may be linked to alcohol consumption.
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)


  linked to Sleep apnea
• Parasomnias


  abnormalities of movement during deep sleep. Include somnambulism and night terrors. Usually no memory.
• Somnambulism


  sleepwalking. During stage 3 and 4 sleep