Key topic 4

• relationship with Britain (NP)

  Feb 1960: Wind of Change speech by Macmillan

  • urged NP to move towards integration, change was natural

  Oct 1960: SA becomes a republic

  1961: Leave commonwealth

  • politically negative, but economically no change
  • SA refused to host black politicians in SA

  1985: Thatcher hinders move to sanction SA

  • CW nations threaten to dissolve if she didn’t move, only voluntary

  1986: Eminent Person’s Report

  • CW were completely opposed to SA, but Thatcher needed it for trade
• Britain post-apartheid

  1994 - Britain was SA’s third largest source of exports & CW happy to support black government

  2008 - Britain drops to 6th import (China gained importance)

  * While trading was slightly weaker, political realtionship remained strong

  2013: Corruption in SA leads to UK imposing visa restrictions & ending R 217 million developement fund

  - SA retaliated with restrictions on UK passports
• USA and Aparthied Government

  1950s : SA provides air support in the Korean War (anti-communist)

  1963 : Kennedy places an arms embargo as a response to Sharpville

  1960s: Johnson maintains relations throught civil rights movement for trade

  1970s : NASA uses SA for testing despite having segregated facilities

  early 1980s : Reagan follows ' Constructive Engagement '

  1986 : Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (CAAA)
• USA post-Apartheid

  1994: CAAA sanctions removed + $ 600 million aid package (Bill Clinton)

  1997: US Agency for International Development provide monetary assistance

  Mbeki: Strained relationship

  • Paranoia about CIA actions during apartheid
  • Mbeki criticised for his AIDS policy

  2000: African Growth and Opportunity Act encourages economic cooperation

  2010: SA joins BRICS under Zuma (USA's trading enemy)
• Reagan's policies (1980s)

  Constructive Engagement (Early 1980s)

  • Negotiated secretly witth NP rather than publicly condemning it
  • USA used its veto to stop sanctions from UN
  • Reagan wanted to stop the spread of communism and maintain trade

  = Ineffective at causing any change, black SA activists felt alianated =

  Comprehensive Anti - Apartheid Act (1986)

  • Placed sanctions on many SA imports (not on strategic materials)
  • Gave aid to victims of apartheid
  • Congress overruled Reagan's veto and the act was passed
• Taiwan and Apartheid regime

  Trade grew from $ 7 million to $ 57 million from 1970 to 1972 (2 years)

  1972: Taiwan had a fully operational embassy (allied against communism)

  1979: SA becomes a nuclear state with help fro Taiwan

  Trade volume from $ 546 million (1986) to $ 911 million (1987)

  = People's Republic of China had cultural center
• People's Repubic of China and the ANC

  Trade increased from $ 14 million (1992) - over $ 1 billion by 1998

  1997: Hong Kong turned over to China (key port for SA trade)

  1998: PRC officially recognised by SA

  2010: Join BRICS (value of trading $ 25.6 billion)

  2013: Chinese ' Belt and Road ' initiative
• Impact of economic sanctions

  - 1962: Article 1761, UN sets up a committee to coordinate sanctions

  - 1974: attempt to expell SA from UN (vetoed by France, Britaind, and USA)

  -> SA economic importance meant politicians would turn a blind eye ( power of veto)

  + 1977: UN mandatory arms embargo after SOWETO

  • SA heavily invests in ARMSCOR
  • Circumvenetd through Israel, Morocco, and Taiwan
• Sporting Sanctions

  1964: Suspended form the Olympics (excluded in 1970)

  1977: CW passed Glenengles Agreement, banned from playing against SA

  - Countries that played against SA faced public condemnation

  • 1981: Flour dropped in New Zealand at a rugby match
• Nuclear weapons

  • SA created 8 nuclear weapons with help from Israel (1979)
  • Dismantled by De Klerk to avoid handing them over to ANC
  • Uranium stored in a "secure facility" withis SA
  • 2007: group of bandits try to break in and steal Uranium
• Zimbabwe

  - Both had a white minority government

  - 1980s: Zimbabwe gain independance (Mugabe ZAPU)

  -> very violent towards whites but NP negotitate to remove ANC bases

  ~ 2007 election particularly violent (Tsvangiri beaten up and hospitalised)

  -> Mbeki was key to negotiations between ZAPU-PF and MDC

  ~ Tsvangiri acuused Mbeki of aiding Mugabe (2008 refused visit)

  Mebeki followed a policy of 'quiet engagemnt'
• Namibia

  - Taken as a mandate and allowed to vote in elections (1949)

  - 1973: UN declares continued occupation by NP illegal

  -> SWAPO guerillas (MPLA) in a full scale war with SADF

  ~ 2014: Zuma pledges R 100 million for drought relief

  ~ Maintain strong economic and political ties
• Angola

  - SA supports FNLA against MPLA

  -> 1975: Operation Savannah sends 3000 troops and $ 14 million

  - 1976: Withdraw but continue to send covert assitance

  ~ Zuma led a delegation of 11 cabinet ministers

  ~ 2016: trade worth $ 1.83 billion
• Mozambique

  - 1975: FRELIMO gain control of Mozambique (from Portugal)

  - 1984: negotitation result in ANC camps being expelled

  ~ Keep strong ties with high levels of trade and investement cooperation