oral com

• Speech


  Oral presentation delivered to an audience
• Types of speech according to purpose

  • Exploratory or Informative
  • Persuasive
  • Entertainment
• Exploratory or Informative speech

  Provides information, history, theories, practical applications to help the audience understand a topic in-depth
• Exploratory or Informative speech

  • Message prepared at the speaker's level of knowledge
  • Tailored to the audience's level of knowledge
  • Takes into account the audience's age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affiliation
• Persuasive speech


  Aims to change the audience's opinion, attitude, or belief by providing convincing materials
• Persuasive speech


  • Message prepared at the speaker's level of knowledge
  • Tailored to the audience's level of knowledge
  • Takes into account the audience's age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affiliation
• Entertainment speech


  Aims to make the audience smile or feel lighthearted by looking at something familiar in a humorous way
• Entertainment speech


  • Prepared at the speaker's level of knowledge
  • Tailored to the audience's level of knowledge
  • Takes into account the audience's age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affiliation
• Types of speech according to manner of delivery

  • Manuscript speech
  • Memorized speech
  • Impromptu speech
  • Extemporaneous speech
• Manuscript speech


  Speech is fully written out, usually typed, and not folded but placed in a folder for neatness
• Manuscript speech


  • Tends to be read without emotion, lacking spontaneity
  • Speaker rarely looks up from the manuscript
  • Speaker can lose their place or have the manuscript blown away
  • Uses complex, jargon-filled language that may be incomprehensible to the audience
• Memorized speech


  Speech is fully written out and then memorized word-for-word
• Memorized speech


  • Speaker may forget lines and struggle to recover
  • Lack of eye contact with the audience
  • Tendency to deliver without inflection
• Impromptu speech


  Speech delivered on short notice with little or no preparation
• Impromptu speech


  • Delivered in a spontaneous, conversational tone
  • Speaker can adjust the speech length and content on the fly
  • Speaker may ramble without a clear point or become disorganized
• Extemporaneous speech


  Speech delivered using a detailed outline, not a fully written manuscript
• Extemporaneous speech


  • Outline helps the speaker remember the order of points
  • Allows the speaker to rearrange points if needed without the audience noticing
  • Delivery is less formal than manuscript, more conversational than memorized
• Principles of Speech Writing and Speech Delivery

  Module 2
• First Principle of Speech Writing: Choosing the Topic

  The choice of topic may be up to the Speaker but, more often than not, the Speaker is given the topic because it is the central theme of a program, conference, or presentation. In any case, the topic should be timely, meaning in existence at the present time (unless a historical event is the reason for the gathering). The topic should be interesting to you (the Speaker), of course, so that you will be enthusiastic in preparing and delivering the Speech. At the same time, it should be just as interesting to your Audience so that they will focus on your Speech and nothing else. A topic that is new, that has not been heard of before by your Listeners, is an attention grabber. So is a topic that is controversial as it encourages the Audience to listen carefully so they can choose a side. It must be pointed out that when choosing a topic, the Speaker must ever be mindful of the culture of the Speaker and Listener, their ages, their gender as well as their social status and religious affiliation. It is good advice for the Speaker to choose a topic that is at the level of knowledge of both the Speaker and the Audience.
• Second Principle of Speech Writing: Analyzing the Audience


  Before writing down anything about the Speech, one must engage in Analyzing the Audience. A Speech for one occasion cannot simply be used for another. There is no Speech that fits any and all occasions. The Audience is one of the major factors that determine the uniqueness of the speech. Just as there is no speech that fits all Public Communication Situation, there is no Single Audience for a Speech. How do you analyze the Audience if you do not know who the Audience will be? First, if possible, get or guess the demographic data of the audience: age, gender, ethnic background, occupation, economic and social status, etc., especially if one is addressing a business group, a student club, or a community organization. These data may influence the Audience's reaction to the Speech. Moreover, the data will influence the way you will write the Speech-what points to choose, what to leave out, the words to use, and even what tone of voice will work on them. Second, it is important to know the groups to which your Audience belongs as these groups hold certain beliefs and values. You may then be able to ascertain how your Listeners feel about certain issues without having to talk to each and every Listener or do a survey among them. Third, it is just as important to find out how your audience feels about the topic of your Speech and what they already know about it (so that you do not repeat it and bore the audience). Finally, you should try to know how they feel about you as the Speaker and what they already know about you. The Speaker may be able to gauge this from the organizers of the event and the people who extended the invitation.
• Third Principle of Speech Writing: Sourcing the Information


  This involves seeking out all the available means for finding materials to support the Speech. Good sources are newspapers, magazines, books, journals, or any reading material full of useful information. Search engines on the Internet such as Google or Yahoo may also be used. However, the best resources are people, especially the experts or those who are involved in the field to which the topic belongs. A Speech on "How to Take Care of Your Heart" may be built on reading materials, but a cardiologist (heart doctor) may give more accurate data while someone who has suffered a heart attack can provide real life experiences that a Speaker may use to reach out and affect them emotionally. Information for any Speech topic must be relevant, that is, it discusses the topic directly; must be timely, meaning it focuses on the present or recent past; and must cover most, if not all, of the topic (unless the topic focuses only on a part of a general subject or issue). Information gathered must be at the level of knowledge of both the Speaker and the Audience, without offending any Listener.
• Fourth Principle of Speech Writing: Outlining and Organizing the Speech Content

  This makes sense of all the research conducted. With all the information gathered for the Speech topic, it is quite easy to be overwhelmed. Although one may want to use all the information gathered, that is not possible, particularly since there is a time limit. The first step is to sort the information into categories: statistics, testimonies and opinions, historical facts, etc. Or they may be classified according to the point they are making, specifically, that part of the topic to be discussed. The next step is to organize the speech itself. For this, the best method is an outline. Even a Manuscript Speech and a Memorized Speech begin with an outline, which is then filled out with supporting materials. There are different types of outlines that one can use depending on how the Speech is to be organized: 1. Chronological Outline - a historical/time approach like from the past to the present. Example: Development of Ilocos Region from Martial Law to the Present Spatial/Geographical 2. Spatial/Geographical Outline - going from one place to another, from one direction to another. Example: The Heritage Churches of Pampanga 3. Cause and Effect Outline - involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue. Example: The Fish Kill in Laguna de Bay 4. Problem- Solution Outline- explains a problem and suggests a possible solution. Example: Cleaning Up Manila Bay 5. Topical Outline- divides the topic into subtopics based on importance or interest value or simply because the topic requires it; for topics that do not fall under any of the previously mentioned outlines. Example: Social Media Have Made Us Anti-Social Once there is an Outline, it will be easier to know which supporting material to use where. The outline also helps in pointing out whether a material may be useful or not.
• Techniques for Writing the Speech

  There are three techniques to actually writing the speech, whether in full form for Manuscript or Memorized Speeches, or in outline form for Impromptu and Extemporaneous Speeches. The first technique is to write the Body of the Speech first, filling in the content of the Speech later with supporting materials. Then write the Introduction and Conclusion after. The other technique is to Write the Conclusion first, which many find very helpful because it shows what the Speech ends with. On the other hand, some use the technique of writing the Introduction first to guide the Speech in the direction one wants it to go, then filling in the Body and writing the Conclusion. Remember that for Extemporaneous (and even Impromptu) Speech, only the Introduction and the Conclusion can be written out in full. The Body of the Speech should remain in outline form. Whichever technique works for you, the Speech, as written, should flow logically from one point to another. This logical progression makes it easy for the Speaker to Deliver the Speech whether in full form like the Manuscript or Memorized Speeches or in outline form like the Impromptu and Extemporaneous Speeches. As a reminder, do not forget the Audience when writing the Speech. They may have their own ideas and opinions about the topic that may not necessarily agree with those of the Speaker.
• It is not enough to carefully prepare and write a Speech. For Public Communication to take place, the Speech has to be delivered, transmitted from mouth to ear. A Speech that is never delivered is useless, even when it is finally read later. Remember that a Speech is specific to the time and place of Delivery. Writing a speech is only half of the communication process.
• Clear voice


  Uses words that are understandable
• Good Speaker


  • Uses the right facial expressions and appropriate gestures
  • Talks directly to the Audience, maintaining eye contact with the Listeners
  • Moves on the stage with confidence, showing mastery of Public Communication
• First Principle of Speech Delivery: Articulation

  1. Word choice and grammatical correctness are necessary in writing the Speech

  2. Articulateness in pronouncing the words and speaking with clear diction effectively transmits the Message of the Speaker

  3. Proper breathing techniques together with the correct molding of sounds that make up words contribute to efficient articulation
• If the Speaker's words cannot be understood cause of poor articulation, the Speech might as well not have been delivered at all
• It is highly important to know the correct way of saying a word, whether they are familiar or unfamiliar
• Second Principle of Speech Delivery: Modulation

  1. Capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timbre of the vocal tone

  2. A microphone requires even more modulation as the amplifiers will resonate voices further

  3. Voices should not bombard our eardrums
• If the Speaker's voice is modulated, Listeners will pay attention and the Message of the Speech will be sent and received
• Third Principle of Speech Delivery: Stage Presence

  1. The ability to "own the stage, of the Speaker being able to fill the space and project his/ her personality to the Audience

  2. Instead of trying to get rid of stage fright, use that energy to become an interesting, enthusiastic speaker capable of being heard and able to move about on stage
• No one is immune from stage fright, other people just manage it better and create what we see as stage presence
• Fourth Principle of Speech Delivery: Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movement


  1. Facial expressions should change with the content of the Speech

  2. Gestures should emphasize only certain points

  3. Movement should allow the Speaker to carry the Speech around, forward, and to the Audience, and direct the Audience to follow the Speaker and keep them hanging on to his/her every word
• Without nonverbal elements like facial expressions, gestures, and movement, the Speaker may be judged as boring, with flat delivery and an unemotional voice
• Fifth Principle of Speech Delivery: Audience Rapport


  Audience Analysis allows the Speaker to write a Speech that would appeal to the Audience and deliver the Message to connect with them at a deeper level
• Things to remember in delivering the speech

  • It should be on a topic you chose, following certain guidelines, including Audience Analysis
  • It should have its data organized using a specific outline suitable to the topic
  • It should be written using the Principles of Effective Speech Writing
  • It should be delivered following the Principles of Effective Speech Delivery