zoo lec - organ systems ALL

• Body systems


  • Respiratory
  • Circulatory
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine

  
• Respiratory system's primary function

  To furnish oxygen for individual tissue cells, and to take away the waste products and carbon dioxide produced by those same cells
• Respiratory system


  • Consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

  
• External respiration


  1. Inhaling oxygen into the lungs, and exhaling carbon dioxide

  2. Includes the ventilation of the lungs and the exchange of air in the lungs and blood within the capillaries of the alveoli of the lungs

  
• Internal respiration


  The metabolic process by which living cells use blood flowing through the capillaries, absorbing the oxygen (O2 )they need and releasing the carbon dioxide (CO2)they create
• Nose


  • Air passageway
  • Warms and moistens inhaled air
  • Cilia and mucous membrane trap dust, pollen, bacteria, and foreign matter
  • Contains olfactory receptors, which smell odors
  • Aids in phonation and the quality of voice
• Pharynx


  Muscular and membranous tube about 5 inches long, extending downward from the base of the skull, eventually becoming the esophagus

  
• Parts of the pharynx

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx

  
• Larynx


  Located at the upper end of the trachea, below the root of the tongue and hyoid bone, lined with mucous membrane

  
• Vocal cords


  Short, tense vocal cords produce high notes; long relaxed vocal cords produce low notes
• Trachea


  Passageway for air to and from the lungs, lined with cilia (hairs) that sweep foreign matter out of the pathway, about 1 inch in diameter and 4 ½ inches long

  
• Bronchi


  Two main branches at the bottom of the trachea, providing passageway for air to the lungs
• Bronchial tree


  Primary bronchi become bronchioles, and then very small alveolar ducts
• The left bronchi is smaller than the right bronchi, because room is needed to accommodate the heart
• If a foreign body is inhaled or aspirated (drawn by suction), it usually lodges in the larger right bronchi or enters the right lung

  
• In the presence of infection, the bronchi sometimes become inflamed, resulting in a diagnosis of bronchitis

  
• Lungs


  • Two spongy organs located in the thorax, consisting of elastic tissue, filled with an interlacing network of tubes and sacs that carry air and blood vessels that carry blood
  • The right lung is divided into 3 lobes and the left lung into 2
  • The left lung has an indentation called the cardiac depression or notch for placement of the heart

  
• Alveoli


  Air cells where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place with the capillaries

  
• Diaphragm


  Muscular wall separating the thorax from the abdominal cavity, involved in respiration, drawing downward in the chest during inhalation, and pushing upward during exhalation
• Tidal volume


  Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, about 500 ml
• Pneumonia is characterized by the air sacs becoming inflamed and filled with fluid
• If both lungs are involved, it is termed as double pneumonia
• If someone is unconscious, it's possible to aspirate stomach contents into the lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia
• Cardiovascular system


  Consists of a network of vessels that circulates blood throughout the body, motored by the action of the heart
• Aorta


  Largest artery of the body, main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart, also delivering nutrients and hormones, to the rest of the body
• Arteries


  Elastic tubes that carry blood in pulsating waves, with peak pressure during the heart's contraction (systolic pressure) and minimum pressure between contractions when the heart expands and refills (diastolic pressure)
• Common pulse sites


  • Temporal - side of forehead
  • Carotid - neck
  • Brachial - inside the elbow
  • Radial - thumb side of wrist
  • Femoral - groin
  • Popliteal - behind the knee
  • Dorsalis pedis - upper surface of foot
• Pulse rate


  Average resting rate is 70 beats per minute, can increase to 130-140 during exercise
• Blood pressure


  Systolic pressure (peak during heart contraction) and diastolic pressure (minimum between contractions), measured in the brachial artery with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, expressed in millimeters of mercury
• In the average adult, systolic pressure usually ranges between 100 to 140 mm Hg, and diastolic pressure usually ranges between 60 to 90 mm Hg
• A reading of 140/90 would be considered 'high' blood pressure, and may pose health risks
• Arterioles


  Adjustable nozzles in the circulatory system that have the greatest influence over blood pressure
• Blood flow through the circulatory system

  1. Arteries branch into arterioles, then capillaries

  2. Capillaries exchange oxygen, nutrients, and water, and pick up carbon dioxide and other wastes

  3. Capillaries merge into venules, then veins that carry blood back to the heart
• Inferior vena cava


  Largest vein of the body, carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium of the heart
• Superior vena cava


  Carries deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to the right atrium of the heart
• Urinary system


  • Consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra
  • Extracts wastes from the bloodstream, converts them to urine, then transports and eliminates it
• Kidneys


  Bean-shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity, just above the waistline, remove waste from the blood and return cleaned blood back to the body, help maintain normal fluid balances
• Nephrons


  Structural and functional units of the kidney, each containing a Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus
• Ureters


  Narrow, muscular tubes about 11 inches in length and 3/8 inch in diameter, carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• Bladder


  • Muscular, membranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine, has an upper portion called an apex, a neck that extends downward into the urethra, and the triangular trigone near the base