3

• Propylene glycol


  A commonly used drug solubilizer in topical, oral, and injectable medications
• Propylene glycol

  • Used as stabilizer for vitamins, and as a water-miscible cosolvent
  • Used as a carrier in drug formulations
• Hexane


  Solvent for analysis and extraction process
• Ethylene


  • Most widely used plant growth regulator
  • Helps in determining the sex of a flower
  • Stimulating fruit ripening
  • Involved in the production of female flowers in a male plant
• Aromatic hydrocarbons


  Circularly structured organic compounds that contain sigma bonds along with delocalized pi electrons
• Aromatic hydrocarbons


  • Less reactive than alkenes, making them useful industrial solvents for nonpolar compounds
  • Also called Arene
  • Stable unsaturated cyclic compounds containing 1 or more six-carbon atom ring
  • BENZENE - six carbon atom rings
• Physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons

  • Generally nonpolar and immiscible with water
  • Often unreactive, they are useful as solvents for other nonpolar compounds
  • Characterized by a sooty yellow flame
• Solubility of aromatic hydrocarbons


  • Less dense than water although they are usually more dense than other hydrocarbons
  • Halogenated benzene compounds are denser than water
  • Insoluble in water and are used as solvents for other organic compounds
  • Only aromatic compounds containing strongly polar functional groups such as OH or COOH will be somewhat soluble in water
• Solubility

  • Resorcinol - Insoluble in water, Soluble in hexane
  • Cyclohexane - Immiscible in water, Miscible in hexane
• Chemical reactivity of aromatic hydrocarbons

  • Aromatic rings are relatively stable chemically and often remain intact during reactions
  • Resistant to many reactions
  • Undergoes substitution reactions, which retain the stability of the aromatic bonding system
• Bromine reaction


  • Alkenes react in the cold with pure liquid bromine, or with a solution of bromine in an organic solvent like tetrachloromethane
  • Decoloration of bromine is often used as a test for a carbon-carbon double bond
  • Cyclohexene reacts with bromine in the same way and under the same conditions as any other alkene