4.4

• Cultural control


  • Crop rotation - replaces a crop that is susceptible to a serious pest with another crop that is not susceptible, on a rotating basis
  • Sanitation - keeping the area clean of plants or materials that may harbor pests
• Trap cropping


  Provision of a pest insect's preferred food near the crop to be protected; the insects are attracted to the trap crop which is then destroyed

  
• Host Resistance


  • Plants have physical and chemical adaptations that allow them to repel, tolerate, or even kill pests
  • Plants produce secondary metabolites such as terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds that either kill or retard pest development
  • Plant breeders attempt to use these characteristics and even improve them to develop crops that are resistant
• Mechanical/Physical Control


  • Methods that directly remove or kill pests
  • Can be rapid and effective, and many are well suited for small acute pest problems, and are popular with gardeners and homeowners
• Biological Control


  • Use of living organisms to suppress pest populations
  • The three categories of natural enemies of insect pests are: predators, parasitoids, and pathogens
• Predators


  • Many different kinds of predators feed on insects
• Parasitoids


  • Parasitoids are insects with an immature stage that develops on or in a single insect host, and ultimately kills the host
• Pathogens


  • Insects, like other animals and plants, are infected by bacteria, fungi, protozoans, nematodes and viruses that cause disease
• Biological Control agents


  • Metarhizium
  • Entomopathogenic nematode
• Chemical Control


  • Use of chemicals to kill pests or to inhibit their feeding, mating, or other essential behaviors
  • Insecticides are pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect
• Rice Black Bug (RBB)

  • Order: Hemiptera
  • Scientific Name: Scotinophara coarctata (Fabricius)
  • Grayish brown to charcoal black adults with broad and hard abdominal covering
  • Grayish-pink eggs laid in clusters
  • Can cause wilting or bugburn and deadhearts (or drying of the central tiller during the vegetative stage)

  
• Rice Stem Borer


  • Order: Hemiptera
  • Scientific Names: Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) – yellow stemborer, S. innotata (Walker)-white stem borer, Chilo suppresalis (Walker)-striped stemborer, Sesamia inferens (Walker)-pink stemborer
  • Can destroy rice at any stage of the plant from seedling to maturity
  • Deadhearts or dead tillers that can be easily pulled from the base during the vegetative stages
  • Whiteheads during reproductive stage where the emerging panicles are whitish and unfilled or empty

  
• Rice Bug


  • Order: Hemiptera
  • Scientific Name: Leptocorisa acuta
  • The nymphs and adults feed on the rice, especially during milking or dough stage
  • As a result, the panicles are smaller, deformed and spotty grains

  
• Rice Whorl Maggot


  • Order: Diptera
  • Scientific Name: Hydrelia philippina Ferina
  • Damaging stage is the larva, which prefers to feed on young and newly transplanted rice plant

  
• Locusts


  • Order: Orthoptera
  • Scientific Name: Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen
  • These are commonly inhabiting in all rice environments, especially in rainfed rice areas
  • The adults could swarm and migrate during favorable conditions, and outbreaks could occur during drought

  
• Green Leafhoppers


  • Order: Hemiptera
  • Scientific Name: Nephottetix nigropictus
  • Sucking the sap of rice plants, creating white patches on the tillers
  • Spreading virus diseases, e.g., rice tungro bacilliform virus, rice tungro spherical virus, and others

  
• Brown Planthopper


  • Order: Hemiptera
  • Scientific Name: Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)
  • High population of planthoppers cause leaves to initially turn orange-yellow before becoming brown and dry and this is a condition called hopperburn that kills the plant
• Asian Corn Borer


  • Order: Lepidoptera
  • Scientific Name: Ostrinia furnacalis (Guene'e)
• Corn Earworm/Cotton Bollworm/Tomato Fruitworm

  • Order: Lepidoptera
  • Scientific Name: Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
  • Larvae prefer to feed on reproductive parts of hosts (flowers and fruits) but may also feed on foliage
• Coconut Leaf Beetle


  • Order: Coleoptera
  • Scientific Name: Brontispa longissima (Gestro)
  • Larvae and adults of the beetle feed on the soft tissues of the youngest leaf in the throat of the palm and affected leaves dry up
• Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle


  • Order: Coleoptera
  • Scientific Name: Oryctes rhinoceros (L)
  • Adults damage palms by boring into the center of the crown, where they injure the young, growing tissues and feed on the exuded sap
  • Cut through the developing leaves
• Abaca/Banana Aphid


  • Order: Homoptera
  • Scientific Name: Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coq)
• Management methods for beetle pest

  • Sanitation by chopping, breaking, and burning decaying logs to destroy any adult beetles developing inside
  • Cutting stumps as close to the soil surface, or removing them as possible
  • Mechanical method of hooking out and extracting the adult beetles feeding in coconut trees with a hooked wire, and destroying the beetles
  • Use of the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae applied in log traps using various substrates: manure pits or saw dusts
  • Placing of sand in two inner most leaf axils for 2 times at 6 months' intervals as well as some napthalene balls at leaf axil at the top of the crown

  
• Management methods for beetle pest (continued)

  • Use of pheromone traps with rhinolure @ 12/ha for trapping the adults and destroy them
• Abaca/Banana Aphid


  Order: Homoptera, Scientific Name: Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coq)
• Recommended Management for Abaca/Banana Aphid


  • Biological control agents including parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens
  • Roguing or removal of infected plants to reduce the source of inoculum for disease spread
• Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB)

  Order: Lepidoptera, Scientific Name Leuconoides orbonalis (Guene'e)
• Recommended Management for Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB)

  • Cultural control, such as thorough land preparation to control pupae (sanitation), removal, burning and burying of affected plant parts, use of resistant/tolerant varieties, and crop rotation
  • Mechanical control including use of yellow sticky traps, light trapping, use of nylon net 2m ht. from ground level
  • Botanical extracts, such as wood vinegar, neem extract
  • Biological agents, like Trichogramma chilonis
  • Need-based synthetic pesticides

  
• Aphids


  Order: Homoptera, Scientific Names: Aphis craccivora Koch-Bean Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover-Melon Aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer-Peach/Tobacco Aphid
• Direct feeding damage of Aphids

  Removal of sap from leaves, pods, seeds and other aerial plant parts

  
• Recommended Management for Aphids

  • Cultural: sanitation, remove alternate hosts and remove affected leaves and bury, use of tolerant varieties
  • Mechanical: Trapping(blue-sticky traps), pressurized water sprays; 5-10%soap solution sprays
  • Botanical/organic preparations
  • Biological: naturally occurring ladybird beetles, syrphid maggots
  • Need-based use of synthetic insecticides
• Common Cutworm


  Order: Lepidoptera, Scientific Name: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)
• Recommended Management for Common Cutworm

  • Hand picking of the larva preferably in the evening
  • Use of mulching to prevent pupation in the soil
  • Flooding the field
  • Elimination of weeds
  • Biological: parasitoids (Apanteles), entomopathogens, Bacillus thuringienses
  • Trap crop (sunflower and cosmos)
  • Light trapping
  • Botanicals: neem, basil
  • Wood vinegar
  • Protective collars made of plastic around bases of seedling stems
  • Need-based use of synthetic insecticides
• Squash/Pumpkin Beetle


  Order: Coleoptera, Scientific Name: Aulacophora similis (Olivier)
• Recommended Management for Squash/Pumpkin Beetle

  • Cultural and mechanical methods, such as thorough land preparation to control larvae and pupae, sanitation, and collection by handpicking of beetles early in the morning or using nets
  • Botanical/organic pesticides of any available preparations
  • Need-based use of synthetic insecticides

  
• Whitefly


  Order: Hemiptera, Scientific Name: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
• Damage caused by Whitefly

  Seriously injuring plants by sucking juices from them, causing leaves to yellow, shrivel, and drop prematurely
• Recommended Management for Whitefly

  • Cultural: Sanitation, remove weeds, use of tolerant varieties
  • Biological: Naturally occurring predators, parasites and entomopathogens
  • Mechanical: Trapping(yellow-sticky traps), pressurized water sprays or soap solution
  • Botanical/organic preparations: any available preparations
  • Need-based use of synthetic insecticides
• Ampalaya Leaf folder/Cucumber Moth

  Order: Lepidoptera, Scientific Name: Diaphania indica (Saunders)
• Damage caused by Ampalaya Leaf folder/Cucumber Moth

  Skeletonization (or lace like patches of intact small leaf veins)