carbohydrates

• monosachharides are single monomer units. There are 2 types of monosachharides: pentose and hexose sugars
• Examples of pentose sugars are ribose and deoxyribose sugars
• Examples of hexose sugars are glucose, fructose and galactose
• disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction.
• There are 3 types of disaccharides: maltose, sucrose and lactose
• lactose is made from glucose and galactose. it is found in mammalian milk
• sucrose is made from glucose and fructose. it is a transport sugar found in plants
• maltose is made from glucose and glucose. it is formed on the digestion of starch using amylase enzymes.
• polysaccharides are 3 or more monosaccharides or disaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction
• examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose
• starch is a plant energy store. it is made from alpha glucose and consists of amylose and amylopectin.
• the structure of amylose consists of coiled chains with 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
• the structure of amylopectin is a branched chain of alpha glucose. it contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
• Starch is used as plant storage as it is a compact molecule. It forms a helical structure with hydrogen bonds.
• Starch is also insoluble which means it doesnt affect the stores water potential
• Glycogen is a human energy store. It is made from alpha glucose and contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
• Glycogen is a branched molecule which means that it can be hydrolysed faster due to more ends.
• Glycogen is also insoluble which means that it doesnt affect the water potential of the cell.
• Cellulose is the component of plant cell walls. It is made from beta glucose and has 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
• Cellulose has long, straight chains which are held together by hydrogen bonds. This forms microfibrils
• Microfibrils provide strength and flexibility
• Primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.