MAPEH 4TH QUARTER

• Music and literature were seen during the Romantic period in almost of its vocal musical forms. During this period, most of the composers interpret poems, mood, atmosphere and imagery into music. Art song is an example of this which has its inspiration from poetry and was written for solo voice and piano.
• Romantic artists found inspiration in landscapes. Their subjects were traditional myths, legends and folklore usually dealing with the supernatural, grotesque, and less ordinary.
• One of the important source of musical expressions in this period is the Opera. Where it became the place for all performances and talents that can be shown not only for music, but poetry, painting, architecture and dance as well.
• FRANZ PETER SCHUBERT

  He was born on January 31, 1797, and died on November 19, 1828 in Vienna, Austria at the age of 31. He was considered the last of the Classical composers and one of the first romantic ones. The proper name for his songs is actually lieder, which is the German word for songs.

  Nationality: Austrian

  Compositions: "Gretchen am Spinnrade", "Erlkonig", "Ellens Gesang III" ("Ave Maria"), "Schwanenge sang" ("Swan Song") and Symphony No.8 in B minor ("Unfinished Symphony").
• GIACOMO PUCCINI

  He was born on December 22, 1858 in Lucca, Italy, and died on November 29, 1924 in Belgium. He belonged to a group of composers who stressed realism, therefore, he drew material from everyday life, rejecting heroic themes from mythology and history.

  Nationality: Belgian, Italian

  Compositions: His famous operas were: "La Boheme", "Tosca", "Madame Butterfly", and "Turandot".
• RICHARD WAGNER

  He was born on May 22, 1813 in Leipzig, Germany, and died on February 13, 1883 at age of 69 because of heart attack. He was an advocate of a new form of opera which he called "music drama". His work would later influence modern film scores, including those of the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film series.

  Nationality: Saxon

  Compositions: "Tristan and Isolde", "Die Walkyrie”, “Die Meistersinger", "Tannhäuser", and "Parsifal"
• GEORGES BIZET

  He was born on October 25, 1838 in Paris, France, and died on June 3, 1875. His most famous opera is "Carmen". However, when "Carmen" first opened in Paris, the reviews were terrible. The shows were criticized in horrible ways that resulted in poor audience attendance.

  Nationality: French

  Compositions: His famous opera is "Carmen"
• Types of Voices of Singers

  For the Male Voice:

  Tenor - highest male voice

  Baritone - Middle male voice, lies between Bass and Tenor voices. It is the common male voice.

  Bass - lowest male voice

  
  

  For the Female Voice:

  Soprano - highest female voice

  Coloratura - highest soprano voice

  Lyric - bright and full sound

  Dramatic - darker full sound

  Mezzo-Soprano - most common female voice; strong middle voice, tone is darker or deeper than the soprano.

  Contralto - lowest female voice and most unique among female.
• Acapella - one or more singers performing without instrumental accompaniment
• Cantabile - In a singing style
• Capo - Head, the beginning
• Coda - closing section appended to a movement or

  song
• Dolce - sweetly
• Falsetto - a weaker and more airy voice usually in the higher pitch ranges
• Glissando - sliding quickly between 2 notes
• Passagio - parts of a singing voice where register transitions occur.
• Rubato - slight speeding up or slowing down of the tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist
• Tessitura - the most comfortable singing range of a singer
• Vibrato - rapidly repeated slight pitch variation during a sustained note, to give a richer and more varied sound
• MEDIEVAL THEATER 500 C.E.-1400

  During the Medieval era, theater performances were not allowed throughout Europe. To keep the theater alive, minstrels, though denounced by the Church, performed in markets, public places and festivals. They travelled from one town to another as puppeteers, jugglers, story tellers, dancers, singers, and other theatrical acts. These minstrels were viewed as dangerous and pagan.
• Mystére d'Adam" or "The Mystery of Adam. The story revolves around Adam and Eve and ends with the devil capturing and bringing them to
• RENAISSANCE THEATER: 1400-1600

  Renaissance theater arts were characterized by a return of Classical Greek and Roman arts and culture. During Middle Ages, mystery plays formed a part of religious festivals in England and other parts of Europe during the Renaissance period.
• One of the most prominent supporters of this theater was Queen Elizabeth I. The players that performed on the Elizabeth stage were called " professionals". The theatre buildings were round, square, or octagonal, with attached roofs covering the structure surrounding an open courtyard.
• The famous actor and poet who emerged in this period was William Shakespeare. He was baptized on April 26, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616. He was an English poet, playwright and actor and regarded as the greatest writer and dramatist in the whole world.

  Shakespeare was often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His works consist of about 38 plays. Some of these plays were well-loved Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
• INNOVATIONS OF THE STAGE:

  1. Proscenium was developed. This is the area of a theater surrounding the stage opening. Arches frame and divide the stage from the audience.

  2. Backdrops for scenery were popularized by the art of painting clothes.

  3. Commedia dell'arte or -Comedy of the Professionl was developed. It was quick-witted performance of the characters/players
• BAROQUE THEATER 1600-1750

  The theater of the Baroque period is marked by the use of technology in current Broadways or commercial plays. The theater crew uses machines for special effects and scene changes which may be changed in a matter of seconds with the use of ropes and pulleys.
• NEOCLASSICAL THEATER 1800-1900

  The Neoclassical period was a movement where the styles of Roman and Greek societies influenced the theater arts.
• During the Neoclassical period, the theater was characterized by its grandiosity. Costumes and sceneries were highly elaborate. The main concepts of the plays were to entertain and to teach lessons. Stages were restyled with dramatic arches to highlight the scenes. Lighting and sound effects intensified the mood and message of each scene, enhancing the dramatic experience.
• The concept of decorum (meaning right and proper audience behavior) was applied in this period which means classical concepts and appropriate social behavior must be observed.
• Neoclassical period officially established just two types of plays, tragedy and comedy. They never mixed these together, and the restriction led to the use of the now well-known pair of happy and sad masks that symbolize the theatrical arts.
• Pierre Cornielle (1606-1684) was often called the father of the French tragedy, writing scripts for more than four decades. One of these was "The Cid".
• Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known as Molière (1622-1673) was known for his comedies, "Tartuffe and The Missanthrope was one of his works.
• Jean Racine (1639 - 1699)

  was a tragedian beloved for his simple approach to action and the linguistic rhythms and effects he achieved. -Andromache and Phaedra" was one of his scripts.
• ROMANTIC THEATER 1800-2000

  Romantic Playwrights:

  During Romantic period, melodrama and -operas became the most popular theatrical forms. Melodrama originated from the French word "melodrame", which is derived from Greek -melos", music, and French drame", which is derived from Greek -dran" to peform.
• Melodrama can be also be described as a dramatic work that puts characters in a lot of danger in order to appeal to the emotions and in which orchestral music or song was used to accompany the action.
• Opera, in the other hand, is an art form In which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Such as acting, scenery, and costumes and dance were important elements of theater. It is usually performed in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble
• Victor Marie Hugo was born on February 26, 1802 and died on May 22, 1885. He is considered one of the greatest and best known French writers. He was a poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo's literary fame comes from his poetry, novels and his dramatic achievements. Among his works that stand out all over the world are "Les Contemplations, La Légende des siècles, Les Misérables, and Notre-Dame de Paris" which is known as the Hunchback of Notre- Dame.
• THERE ARE SEVERAL PLAYWRIGHTS THAT HAD BEEN KNOWN IN ROMANTIC PERIOD SUCH AS:

  -Charles Nodier

  -Heinrich von Kleist

  -Ludwig Uhland

  -George Sand
• GEORGES BIZET

  This French composer was a pianist and best known for his operas. Carmen is the most popular among his works. Bizet composed the title role for a mezzo-soprano in the character of Carmen. The opera tells the story of the downfall of Don José, a naïve soldier who is seduced by the charms of the sizzling Gypsy, Carmen
• CARMEN

  When it was first performed, it was immediately hailed as a junior masterwork and became one of the great performances during the Romantic period. It was an impressive work of a seventeen-year-old boy. Bizet made a name as a French composer and pianist of the Romantic era. He was famously known for his opera Carmen