AP Bio ALL UNITS NOTES

• all cells

  are bound by a plasma membrane because they need to regulate what comes in and out
• all cells.


  contain cytosol, which contains important enzymes for cellular respiration
• all cells..


  contain chromosomes (genetic information)
• all cells...


  contain ribosomes, which translate information from DNA to a protein through transcription and translation
• prokaryotes

  1. bacteria and archaea

  2. dna in the nucleoid region (not membrane bound)

  3. generally smaller
• eukaryotes

  1. protists, fungi, animals, plants

  2. dna is in the nucleus (membrane bound)

  3. contains membrane bound organelles
• membrane bound organelles ONLY exist in eukaryotes
• endomembrane organelles(think protein synthesis process)

  1. nuclear envelope

  2. endoplasmic reticulum

  3. golgi complex

  4. lysosomes

  5. vesicles/vacuoles

  6. plasma membranes
• energy organelles

  1. mitochondria

  2. chloroplasts
• all plants and animals have...

  nucleus, membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
• what does compartmentalization do?

  1. increases surface area without increasing the size of the cell

  2. prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location
• unique cell components of plants

  1. chloroplasts

  2. central vacuole

  3. cell wall

  4. plasmodesmata
• unique cell components of animals

  1. lysosomes

  2. centrosomes

  3. flagella
• where are all the chromosomes located in the cell?

  nucleus
• how many chromosomes do humans have?

  46 (23 pairs)
• why does the nucleus have pores?

  so the mRNA can come in and get out
• where does the ribosomal RNA get. synthesized?

  nucleolus
• ribosomes function

  synthesize proteins
• where can the ribosomes be found?

  1. cytosol (fluid part of the cytoplasm) (known as free ribosomes)

  2. rough ER
• rough ER


  1. contains ribosomes

  2. protein synthesis occurs
• smooth ER

  1. contains NO ribosomes

  2. synthesizes lipids

  3. metabolizes carbs

  4. detoxifies the cell

  the liver contains LOTS of smooth ER because it is responsible for alcohol detoxification
• true or false: the golgi complex has directionality

  true (cis and trans faces)
• cis face of golgi


  receives vesicles from ER (enter)
• trans face


  sends vesicles (packaged proteins) back out into the cytosol in other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion (exit)
• how do packages exit the membrane?

  through exocytosis (requires ATP, active transport)
• lysosomes


  membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
• autophagy in lysosomes


  process where lysosomes can recycle their own cell's organic materials so that the cell can renew itself and function more efficiently
• peroxisomes

  1. similar to lysosomes

  2. contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct while performing various functions such as breaking down fatty acids and the detoxification of alcohol in the liver

  3. they then contain enzymes that convert the toxic H2O2 into H2O
• vacuoles


  large vesicles that stem from the ER and golgi
• food vacuoles

  form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes
• contractile vacuole


  maintain water levels in cells
• central vacuole

  1. found in PLANTS only

  2. contains inorganic ions and water

  3. important for TURGOR PRESSURE (force that pushes against plasma membrane
• endosymbiont theory


  states that mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotes

  - explains the origins of eukaryotic cells
• evidence of endosymbiont theory

  mitochondria and chloroplasts have:

  • double membranes
  • ribosomes
  • circular DNA
  • same size as eubacteria
  • reproduce through binary fission (same as eubacteria)
• mitochondria is the site of

  cellular respiration, ATP production
• why does the mitochondria fold?

  to increase surface area; therefore increasing efficiency
• mitochondrial matrix

  fluid that is inside the inner membrane

  1. location for krebs cycle

  2. contains ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP
• true or false: the number of mitochondria in a cell positively correlates with metabolic activity

  true
• chloroplasts are the site of


  photosynthesis
• thylakoids(within chloroplast double membrane)


  membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana