Topic Four

• Basics of adrenal hormones;

  1. regulate metabolism and mineral homestasis
  2. located on the superior surface of kidney
  3. cortical hormones are steroids
  4. medullary sceretions are catelcholamines
• examples of tissues released;

  1. mineralcorticoids- aldosterone
  2. glucocorticoids- cortisol
  3. androgens
  4. stress hormones- epinepherine and norepinepherine
• Targets of HPA axis;

  1. protein catabolism
  2. gluconeogenesis in liver
  3. fat metabolism
  4. decreased immune function
• Alpha cells secrete

  Glucagon
• beta cells secrete

  insulin
• Epsilon secretes

  ghrelin
• D cells secrete

  somatostatin (anterior pituitary)
• F cells secrete

  pancreatic peptide
• Stimulators of insuline secretion;

  1. glucose
  2. amino acids
  3. fatty acids
  4. GI hormones (GLP-1)
• Inhibitors of Insulin secretion;

  1. somatostatin
  2. catecholamines
  3. cortisol
  4. GH
  5. fasting
• Glucagon cells stimulate

  gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
• Insulin stimulates

  glucose uptake
• insuline inhibits

  gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
• cells which insulin increases glucose uptake

  1. muscle cells
  2. skeletal cells
  3. smooth muscle cells
  4. cardiac cells
• Cells which insulin does not effect glucose uptake

  1. neurons
  2. intestinal epithelium
  3. red blood cells
  4. liver
• synergism

  glucagon and epinepherine together amplify each others effectivness in opposing the actions of insulin
• antagonism

  epinepherine alone and glucagon alone both oppose the actions of insulin