Data Analysis & Statistical Treatment

• Frequency Count. Refers to the number of times a particular value or category occurs in a dataset.
• Percentages. Represent a proportion or fraction of a whole expressed in hundredths.
• Ranking. Involves ordering items or entities based on a particular criterion.
• Summation. Adding together a series of number to obtain a combined total.
• Weighted mean. A type of average that considers the relative importance or weight of each value.
• Standard deviation. Measure of the dispersion or variability of dataset.
• The more spread the data, the higher the SD. Smaller SD, more reliable.
• Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Denoted by r, measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables. -1 (strong negative correlation) to +1 (strong positive correlation) and 0 (no correlation)
• Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. Measures the degree to which the relationship between two variables can be described by a monotonic function (organized) thru rank.
• Linear Regression Analysis. Analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables by fitting a linear equation to the observed data.
• Independent Sample t-test. A statistical test used to determine whether the means of two independent groups are significantly different from each other.
• Paired Samples t-test (dependent samples t-test). Comparing the means of two related groups to determine if there is a statistically difference between them.
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Comparing the means of three or more independent groups to test the significant differences between them.
• Two-Way (Two Factor) ANOVA. Comparing the means of two or more independent groups and two dependent variables to test the significant differences between them.
• Multivariate or MANOVA. Comparing the means of two or more independent groups and three dependent variables to test the significant differences between them.
• Mann-Whitney U Test. A nonparametric test used to compare the distribution of two independent groups when the assumptions of the independent samples ttest are not met. T-test alternate.
• Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. A nonparametric test used to compare the distribution of two related groups when the assumptions of the pare samples ttest are not met. Paired T-test alternate.
• Kruskal-Wallis Test. A nonparametric test used to compare the distribution of three or more independent groups when the assumptions of ANOVA are not met. ANOVA alternate.
• Nominal. Categorical
• Ordinal. Rank, with order, intervals are unequal
• Interval. Rank, intervals are equal
• Ratio. All the properties of interval data, with true zero point (
• Parametric tests make certain assumptions about the population distribution from which the sample is drawn.
• Non-parametric tests do not rely on assumptions about the population distribution.
• Data analysis is the process of inspecting, refining, and structuring data to discover useful information, infer conclusions, and support decision-making
• Statistical treatment refers to the application of statistical methods, techniques, and procedures to analyze and interpret data.