Supporting Evidence- Clinical

• (Interviews) Vallentine et al 2010

  Conducted at Bradmoor high security unit, looking at the usefulness of group psychoeducation for offenders, used semi-structured interviews.
• (Reliability of DSM) Beck 1954

  Found that the same set symptoms were only diagnosed as the same disorder in about half of cases.
• (reliability of DSM) Goldenstein (1988)

  Looked at the effect of gender on diagnosis of schizophrenia. Two other experts to re-diagnose a random sample of 8 of the patients using the case histories- high level of agreement/consistency diagnosis.
• (Validity of DSM) Lee (2006)

  Aimed to reveal whether the DSM criteria for diagnosing ADHD would be useful for Korean children, and gender differences in symptoms. There was a match between the features of ADHD outlined in the DSM and the responses on the questionnaires, ADHD test and teacher assessments but the match was just as good for girls as it was for boys.
• (Cultural effects on symptoms) Davison and Neale (1994)

  Different cultures express emotions differently. Person might be considered abnormal for showing or failing to show emotion by a clinician that doesn’t understand the culture.
• (Cultural effects on symptoms) Harrison et al (1984)

  Research suggested that those of west Indian origin were over-diagnosed with schizophrenia by doctors in Bristol, because of their ethnic background.
• Social explanation of schizophrenia (Veling 2008)

  1st and 2nd generation Moroccan immigrant increased risk for schizophrenia disorders.
• (Dopamine hypothesis) Fakai et al 1988

  Autopsies found people with schizophrenia larger number of dopamine receptor.
• (Dopamine hypothesis) Lindostroem et al 1999

  Radioactively labelled L-dopa administrated to 10 patients with diagnosis and 10 with no diagnosis. The L-dopa was taken up quicker with the schizophrenic patients.
• (Dopamine hypothesis) Randrup and Munkvad (1966)

  Injected rats with amphetamines and found an excessive amount of dopamine encourages schizophrenic symptoms.
• (Genetics- schizophrenia) Tamminga and Schulz (1991)

  Found that there is not a single dominant or recessive gene that seems to cause schizophrenia.
• (Genetics- schizophrenia) Gottesman and shields

  Found that in MZ twins there was a concordance rate of 35%-58% compared with dizygotic twin rates that ranged 9-26%.
• (Biological treatment for schizophrenia) Hartling et al (2012)

  114 studies- meta-analysis. Haloperidol effective in reducing positive symptoms.
• (CBT as a treatment for schizophrenia) NICE

  Recommended that CBT should be offered to all people with schizophrenia. Recommendation to use CBT based on CBT reducing hospitalisation, 24% reduction in hospitalisation.
• (Learning explanation for anorexia) Garner et al 1980

  From 1970-1980 number of dieting articles significantly increased.
• Learning explanation for anorexia (Becker 2002)

  Studied introduction of TV to Fijian girls and eating disorders.
• (Genetic explanation of anorexia) Stober et al 2000

  1st degree relatives of people with anorexia, 11.3 times more prevalent.
• (Genetic explanation of anorexia) Holland et al 1988

  Studied 45 pairs of female twins and one set of triplets and found concordance rates of 56% for MZ twins and 5% for DZ twins.
• (Genetic explanation of anorexia) Scott van Zeeland et al (2012)

  DNA samples for 261 patients with anorexia, evidence gathers suggests variants in EPHX2 gene increase risk of developing anorexia.
• (CBT as a treatment for anorexia) Fairburn (2015)

  Randomly allocated participants to CBT-E or ITP. At 20 weeks CBT-E 66% to 33% ITP judged to be in remission. At 60 weeks CBT-E 69% to 49% ITP in remission
• (CBT as a treatment for anorexia) Pike (2003)

  Comparing CBT and nutritional counselling, relapse rates 22% in CBT compared to 73% in nutritional counselling.
• (Biological treatment for anorexia) Kaye et al (2001)

  Increased dopamine, increased anxiety, group if induced feelings of pleasure. Suggests women with anorexia experience high levels of anxiety associated with food rather than find it pleasurable.