Section A Urban Issues

• Rural countryside


  - Low population density

  - Natural landscape

  - Few places of work

  - Few transport links

  - Few services/functions
• Urban-town/city


  - High population density

  - Built environment

  - Many places of work

  - Many transport links

  - Large range of services/functions
• Urbanisation


  An increase in the % of a population which lives in an urban area
• Rural to urban migration push factors

  - Farming is hard and poorly paid

  - Desertification and soil erosion

  - Drought reduces crop yields

  - Can only farm enough food to feed family, not sell

  - Poor harvests = famine and malnutrition

  - Limited healthcare

  - Limited education

  - Isolated areas
• Rural to urban migration pull factors

  - Well paid jobs

  - Higher standard of living

  - Friends/family already there

  - Better education

  - Public transport

  - Entertainment

  - Better medical care
• How is urbanisation caused?

  By rural-urban migration and natural increase
• Rural to urban migration

  Movement of people from countryside to cities
• What is linked with urbanisation?

  Industrialisation
• What is a population of a megacity?

  10 million
• Where is Rio?


  Atlantic Coast

  Tropic of Capricorn

  South America in Brazil (North East)
• How is Rio of national and global importance?

  - Most beautiful scenery and beaches = tourism

  - Hosted the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics = brought in more tourisms
• Population of Rio


  12.5 million
• In 2013 Rio, how many people had a local family health clinic?

  55%
• Where did medical staff give out medical kits?

  In the favela Santa Marta

  The kits could detect and treat around 20 diseases
• What is the age of compulsory education in Rio?

  6-14 years old
• What has been done to stop the education problem?

  - Locals volunteered to help

  - School grants were given

  - Local university opened in Rochina Favela
• How many people in Rio do not have running water in Rio?

  12%
• How much water is lost through illegal access in Rio?

  37%
• What work has been done to fix the water problem in Rio?

  - Improve and fix pipes

  - 7 new treatment plants were built
• What part of city in Rio experiences frequent blackouts?

  The whole city
• What has been done to improve the electricity problem in Rio?

  - 60km new powerlines were installed

  - New nuclear generator was built

  - Developing of the hydro-electric complex
• Favela 1998 landslides


  - Caused by heavy rain

  - Killed 277 people

  - Left 13,000 homeless
• Who controls the Favelas?

  Criminal gangs
• How many people in Rio are killed everyday by gangs?

  80 people
• How many homes in Rio don't have electricity?

  30%
• Poor compared to Rich in Rio

  - Infant mortality 21 per 1000 in poor

  6 per 1000 in rich

  
  

  - Life expectancy 45 in poor

  80 in rich
• What is the informal sector?


  The part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government.
• What is the Favela Bairro Project?

  $1 billion to improve over 73 Favelas in Rio
• Favela-Bairro Project - Social improvements

  - Laid paved and formally named the roads

  - People in the Favela are given one free ticket a day for the cable car

  - A Pacifying Police Unit was set up to patrol the community

  - Adult literacy classes set up to help adults learn to read and write

  - Electrical cabling was installed to most of the Favelas

  - Installed access to water and drainage system

  - Day care centres so parents could go to work

  - Skills courses set up for adults e.g. bricklaying

  - New health and education facilities built
• Favela-Bairro Project - Economic improvements


  - Installed a cable car to the commercial centre of Rio

  - Adult literacy classes set up which improved jobs

  - Day care centres set up so parents could work

  - 100% mortgages available for people to buy their home

  - People have been loaned money to help with home improvements
• Favela-Bairro Project - environmental improvements


  - The hillsides have been secured to prevent landslides
• What is a formal sector?


  Part of an economy that is taxed and monitored by the government
• What is the percentage of the rich area of Rio (South) is unemployed?

  2%
• What is the percentage of the poor area (North) of Rio is unemployed?

  37%
• Key Facts about Economy in Rio

  - Rio has become richer due to a large population, big financial zone and port.

  - Oil has been discovered off the coast of Rio leading to industries growing.

  - Has the highest income per head

  - Informal jobs are poorly paid and irregular

  - Provides 6% of all employment in Brazil

  - 2nd most important industrial centre

  - Informal jobs are poor paid and irregular
• Key Facts about Unemployment in Rio

  - 'Schools for Tomorrow' programme to improve education

  - Free childcare available for teen parents so they can return to education

  - Unemployed people don't pay taxes = gov gets no income

  - Practical skills courses for unemployed

  - Unemployment in Favelas is over 20%

  - No insurance or benefits
• Key Facts about Crime in Rio

  - 2013 Pacifying Police Units were set up to deal with drug dealers

  - People in Favelas think that the police is interfering with their freedom

  - Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and assault occur regularly

  - Powerful gangs control the Favelas

  - Police have taken control of small Favelas
• What types of jobs are available in Rio?

  - Construction

  - Steel industries

  - Tourism

  - Manufacturing

  - Port industries

  - Oil refining and chemicals

  - Retail and distribution

  - Finance and banking
• Positives of the Rio Olympics in 2016


  - New houses of better quality were built

  - Tourism increased, lots of money was brought in - $6.8 billion

  - 70 hotels
• Negatives of the Rio Olympics 2016


  - New homes lacked a sense of community. No shops or areas for children to play. Far from City Centre.

  - Gov went over the $1.9 billion budget by 15 times.

  - Workers couldn't be paid e.g. builders and teachers

  - 72,000 people made homeless as 3,000 homes were demolished due to the new stadium