Health Eco Mid

• Healthcare sector


  Businesses that provide medical services, manufacture medical equipment or drugs, provide medical insurance
• Health sector


  All businesses involved in the provision and coordination of medical and related goods and services
• Health sector includes

  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Biotechnology
  • Equipment
  • Distribution
  • Facilities
  • Manages health care
• Four factors of production


  • Land
  • Labor
  • Capital
  • Entrepreneurship
• General economic factors in healthcare


  • Land
  • Labor
  • Capital
  • Technology
  • Healthcare workers
  • Institutional healthcare services
  • Demand for institutional services and/or specific treatments
• GNP measures total revenue of the goods and services produced by Filipinos
• GDP measures total revenue derived from all goods and services produced
• Supply of health services

  With the financial, infrastructure, manpower, and technological resources specified for health
• Demand for healthcare services

  To supply something, there must be a demand first
• Health care service utilization


  • Supply for specific health good or services -> it is being demanded
  • Two things which affect people's decisions to utilize healthcare: 1. Knowledge about the benefits, 2. Accessibility of the facility
• Other health-related and socioeconomic factors

  • Education
  • Public transportation
  • Infrastructure
  • Politics
  • Rate of economic progress
• Healthcare services are utilized not as an endpoint but as intermediate to achieve better health
• Most healthcare goods and services are bought, decisions are made by individuals other than the consumer
• Healthcare goods and services are both "consumer goods" and 'investments goods'
• Determinants of health seeking behaviors

  • Economic factors: Price of health commodity, Income, Value of patient's time
  • Socio-cultural and demographic factors: Role of mothers, Marital status, Locality/access to healthcare facilities, Age and gender
• Direct medical costs


  Costs which individuals pay for in exchange for goods they consume
• Direct non-medical costs


  Costs which individuals incur, other than payments for health goods
• Indirect costs


  Potential earnings that should have been gained from "missed opportunities" from seeking healthcare
• Intangible costs


  Cost of pain and suffering when one is ill
• Inputs required to satisfy a patient's need

  • Facilities
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Technology
  • Expert advice
• Supply of health services equation

  Q = f(manpower, health facilities and equipment, medicines or drugs)
• Types of health facilities

  • Primary: Illness, injury, acute medical problems, and referrals
  • Secondary: Requires specialists with specific expertise
  • Tertiary: Requires highly specialized equipment and expertise
• Quality of healthcare services


  • Thoroughness of in-patient care
  • Thoroughness of out-patient care
  • Availability of up to date equipment
  • Availability of doctors
  • Availability of rooms, beds, etc
• Supplier-induced demand occurs when the one who decides what a patient needs (demand decided by physician) is also the supplier of the product or service
• Epidemiology and demographics: General type of tissue development


  • Musculoskeletal and cardio-respiratory system: Rapid development at 2-4 yo, Slowing down at 5-12 yo, 2nd growth spurt at 12-18 yo, Fully mature at 18-20 yo
  • Neural tissues: Rapid development from birth to 2 yo, Slows down after, Fully develops at 18 yo
  • Lymphoid tissues: Rapid development from birth, Hypermature through preadolescent ages, Rapid development at 12-14 yo, Fully mature at 18-20 yo
• Health risks


  • Fatty streaks
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol use
  • Psychological stress
  • Occupational risks
• Relationships concepts: Differences in health by age


  • Different probabilities of getting ill
  • Different types of illnesses: Children - acute, Elderly - chronic
• Common illnesses by age


  • Children: Respiratory infections, GI infections, Skin/soft tissue infections, Genito-urinary/reproductive infections
  • Adults: Respiratory diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Endocrine diseases, Genito-urinary/reproductive diseases, Musculoskeletal diseases
• Which other health-related and socio economic factors affects beliefs and attitudes towards health and healthcare?
• Hospitals that are easier to access

  Are more often used than those that are not easily accessible, all other things being equal
• Factors of production


  • Land
  • Labor
  • Capital
  • Technology
• Public transport and infrastructures


  Affects the utilization of health services and health status of people living in areas where these services are available or unavailable
• Any company involved in products and services related to health and medical care are represented in the healthcare sector
• Health sectors are businesses involved in the provision and coordination of medical and related goods and services
• National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council is not part of the health sectors
• Healthcare services


  Will not be offered if there is no demand for them
• GDP


  Is not the total revenue of the goods and services produced by Filipinos
• GNP

  Measures production inside of a country no matter who makes it
• Direct medical costs


  Costs which individuals pay for in exchange for goods they consume
• Direct non-medical costs


  Costs which individuals incur, other than payments for health goods