Summary

• What is the first stage of photosynthesis?

  Light dependent reaction
• Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

  Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
• What is produced during photolysis of water?

  Protons, electrons, and oxygen
• What happens to chlorophyll during photoionisation?

  Chlorophyll absorbs light and loses electrons
• How is ATP produced in the light dependent reaction?

  Through photophosphorylation using ATP synthase
• What is the role of NADP in photosynthesis?

  NADP accepts protons and electrons to become reduced
• What is the Calvin cycle's initial reaction?

  CO₂ reacts with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
• What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between CO₂ and RuBP?

  Rubisco
• What happens to glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) in the Calvin cycle?

  GP is reduced to triose phosphate (TP)
• How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Rate increases with temperature until enzymes denature
• What is the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

  Rate increases with light intensity until a limit
• How does CO₂ concentration affect photosynthesis?

  Rate increases with CO₂ concentration until a limit
• What should agricultural practices aim to achieve regarding photosynthesis?

  Increase photosynthesis rate for higher yield
• What is the purpose of chromatography in plant pigment investigation?

  To isolate pigments from leaves
• Why should the origin line in chromatography be drawn in pencil?

  Ink is soluble and would mix with pigments
• Why must the point of origin be above the solvent level in chromatography?

  To prevent pigments from dissolving into the solvent
• How is the Rf value calculated in chromatography?

  Distance moved by spot / distance moved by solvent front
• What does a colorimeter measure in pigment analysis?

  Light absorbance of the sample
• What is the main product of respiration?

  ATP
• What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

  Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation
• What occurs during glycolysis?

  Glucose is phosphorylated and converted to pyruvate
• What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

  2 ATP
• What happens to NAD during glycolysis?

  NAD is reduced to form reduced NAD
• What is the role of dehydrogenase in photosynthesis?

  Catalyzes reduction of NADP in LDR
• How is the rate of dehydrogenase activity measured?

  By timing the color change of DCPIP
• What is the purpose of control tubes in the dehydrogenase experiment?

  To show the effect of light and chloroplasts
• Why is it important to zero the colorimeter?

  To ensure accurate measurements against standards
• What is the significance of the color change in DCPIP?

  Indicates reduction by electrons from chlorophyll
• What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic uses oxygen, anaerobic does not
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

  ATP and lactic acid or ethanol
• What is the role of the Krebs cycle?

  To produce ATP and reduced coenzymes
• What is the function of oxidative phosphorylation?

  To produce ATP using electron transport chain
• What is the significance of the link reaction?

  Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA for Krebs cycle
• What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

  Provides energy for active transport and synthesis
• How does the structure of mitochondria facilitate respiration?

  Inner membrane folds increase surface area for reactions
• What is the importance of NAD in respiration?

  Transfers electrons and protons during reactions
• What is the main purpose of respiration?

  To produce ATP for cellular energy
• What is the significance of the electron transport chain?

  Generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
• How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration in terms of efficiency?

  Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic
• What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

  Acts as the final electron acceptor in ETC