Respiration

• What type of process is cellular respiration?

  Exothermic as it releases energy
• What are the 3 main reasons organisms need energy?

  Chemical reactions(to build larger molecules from smaller molecules)Muscle contraction(to allow movement)Keeping warm(to maintain constant temperature stable for enzyme activity)
• Name all the ways organisms

  useenergy- Maintenance of a constant body temperature

  - cell division and growth

  -active transport

  -passage of nerve impulses

  -protein synthesis
• What is aerobic respiration

  Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose.
• Word equation of aerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• Symbol equation of aerobic respiration (balanced)

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H20
• Where does aerobic respiration occur?

  mitochondria
• When does anaerobic respiration occur?

  absence of oxygen or lack of oxygen supplied to body (e.g in vigorous exercise)
• What is anaerobic respiration

  Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose that forms lactic acid
• Word equation for anaerobic respiration

  glucose -> lactic acid
• Why does anaerobic respiration have less energy transferred

  As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete
• What is fermentation


  the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
• Word equation for anaerobic respiration in

  yeastglucose --> alcohol + carbon dioxide
• Compare anaerobic respiration and aerobic

  
• How does cellular respiration differ from breathing

  It is a chemical process that transfers energy from glucose into all living cells so is different
• What effect does excreting have on muscles and energy

  The number of muscle contractions increases meaning there is a greater energy demand so muscles need a greater supply ofoxygen that they can only get through aerobic respiration
• How does the body react to the increased the demand for oxygen when exercising and why

  - Breathing rate and breath volume increaseto increase amount of oxygen absorbed into the bloodstream by diffusion and the amount of carbon dioxide removed-Heart rate increasesThese are all done to increase the supply of oxygenated blood to the muscles
• What is oxygen debt?


  The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from cells
• How can the body deal with lactic acid?

  -oxidising itto form CO2 and water (Sam e products as formed in aerobic respiration- Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to liver where it’s converted back to glucose
• How does oxygen debt lead to higher heart rates and breathing rates?

  As 'extra' oxygen is needed to react with the lactic acid produced via anaerobic respiration, extra CO2 needs to be removed from the body which leads to faster heart rates and breathing rates
• What happens to the body during anaerobic respiration

  -muscles become fatigued and stop contracting- can feel dizzy-can feel nauseousThis causes muscles to stop contracting effectively causing a build up of lactic acid
• What is metabolism?


  The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body
• How is metabolism controlled

  The energy transferred by respiration in cells in used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules
• What do enzymes do in metabolism


  Control all of the reactions occurring in cells; often the products of one reaction are the reactions for another (and so on)
• Name some common metabolic reactions

  - respiration

  -photosynthesis

  -conversion of glucose to starch or cellulose (for plants) or glycogen (in animals)

  -production of lipid (fat) molecules from 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids

  - formation of amino acids to make proteins from glucose and nitrates

  - breakdown of excess proteins in the liver to form urea for excretion by kidneys
• What are the functions of the liver

  1) produces bile to aid fat digestion

  2) breaks down excess proteins to urea

  3) converting lactic acid from anaerobic respiration back to glucose

  4) detoxifying the blood by breaking down poisonous substances such as ethanol

  5) breaking down old red blood spells and storing the iron for future blood cells
• What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

  6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
• What are the products of photosynthesis?

  glucose and oxygen
• What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

  carbon dioxide and water
• What affects photosynthesis?


  light intensity, carbon dioxide, temperature
• What can increase the rate of photosynthesis?

  More carbon dioxide but not too much

  More light

  Higher temperature
• Where does photosynthesis take place?

  Chloroplast (Which contain chlorophyll)
• Why can white leaves not photosynthesise

  No chlorophyll
• What is needed for photosynthesis?

  carbon dioxide, water, sunlight,
• What is glucose used for?

  -energy

  -make cellulose

  -make starch

  -make a mini acids
• Where does respiration occur?

  mitochondria
• Equation for aerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
• Balanced equation for respiration

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Where does anaerobic respiration happen?


  cytoplasm