Circulation + cancer

• What is epidemiology?


  the study of patterns of distribution of diseases
• What is the circulatory system made up of

  The blood, the blood vessels, the heart
• What are communicable diseases

  Diseases that can be passed from one person to another caused by pathogen
• What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

  Transport materials required by the cells like glucose and oxygen and to remove waste like carbon dioxide
• What are non communicable diseases

  Diseases that cannot be passed from person to person and are rarely caused by a single agent
• What 3 things is the blood made up of?

  Plasma, Red blood (erythrocytes) cells, platelets (leukoyotes )
• How can the risk factors for disease be increased

  By being inherited from parents, lifestyle for example smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise, environmental substances like ultraviolet light and radiation and stress
• What is plasma?


  Yellow liquid for mostly of water that is 55% of the total blood
• What do scientists examine when assessing the impact of risk factors

  Correlations
• What is the job of plasma


  Transport products of digestion from the intestine to the cells of the body, to take carbon dioxide from respiring cells back to the lungs, carry urea which is formed by the liver in the breakdown of proteins to take to the urine

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• What does a correlation not prove

  Casual mechanism A factor that links things together
• What are the purple dots you see when examining blood under a microscope?

  nucleus from the white blood cells
• What are most diseases from

  Non communicable diseases have a much higher death toll than communicable ones
• What is the job of the red blood cells

  To carry the oxygen from the lungs to aspiring cells
• What impact can non communicable diseases have on the world

  Huge financial impact on the country's healthcare system, as they affect younger people and working age populations the economy can suffer too
• What are the adaptations of red blood cells to carry a lot of oxygen

  They do not have a nucleus which allows more space for the carriage of oxygen which also means they have a short lifespan, biconcave disc shaped increasing the surface area to volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in-and-out
• How is cancer caused

  The rapid uncontrollable abnormal cell growth
• What are oxygen molecules Full of?

  Haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs to form bright red oxyhemoglobin
• What is the cell cycle

  The sequence of new cells being created and old ones dying on a regular basis-you have to constantly match the amount of cells you lose
• What is the job of the White blood cells

  fight infection
• What do cancer cells grow into

  Normal mass known as a tumour
• Are white blood cells larger or smaller than red blood cells

  Larger and less numerous
• What do benign tumours do

  Remain in one place and have a membrane [capsule] around them. Although they are genuinely less harmful as they do not spread they can put pressure on nearby organs such as the brain which can have a very bad effect like squishing brain cells and taking up too much space
• What do phagocytes do

  engulf and destroy pathogens
• What do malignant tumours do


  The legacy must spread around the body and invade other tissue as they split up into smaller clumps of cells that spread opened bracket metastasize] around the body or through the blood or lymphatic system
• What do lymphocytes do?

  produce antibodies that attack specific foreign substances that enter the body.
• What do malignant tumours form

  Secondary tumours throughout the body due to the clumps of them falling out of the tumour and going around the body
• What are platelets


  Fragments of cells without a Nucleus
• What are the stages of metastasis

  Local [where the lump is], lymph nodes [where the blood passes before it goes into the veins and around the body triggering an immune response], blood] into the bloodstream which will travel everywhere]
• What do platelets form at the sight of a clot and why?

  They form a clot at the sight of a wound by forming a mesh of protein fibres that trap other blood cells to form a scab preventing further blood loss and infection. The clot is formed by the platelets sticking to the mesh and preventing pathogens coming in
• What are the causes of cancer

  Mutation of genes, ionising radiation, inherited genes, viral infections
• what do arteries do


  carry blood away from the heart
• How do mutations cause cancer

  Jeans that control the cell cycle can rotate due to contact with carcinogenic chemicals when they are multiplying or dividing E. G tar in cigarette smoke or asbestos.
• what is the job of a blood vessel?

  to help with blood pressure
• Why are carcinogenic chemicals bad

  They break bonds in the dna of cells mutating them
• facts about arteries:


  Close to the heart so experienced pulses of high pressure, carry blood away from the heart, have thick muscular and elastic walls that can stretch, the lumen [hold down the middle ] is relatively small to maintain the pressure, are deep in the body for protection
• How does ionising radiation cause cancer

  Ironising radiation can also mutate the dna of genes E. G UV light can cause melanoma or skin cancer
• What do veins do

  carry blood to the heart
• How does inheriting genes cause cancer

  It's possible to inherit some faulty genes from parents increasing the chances of developing certain cancers
• Fact about veins


  Carry blood towards the heart, have much thinner walls (as they have less pressure), large lumen, blood moves slower than in the arteries , have valves within them to prevent the flow of blood under low pressure, are the same size as arteries