Ophthalm

• What are the symptoms of red eye due to glaucoma?

  Severe pain, haloes, semi-dilated pupil
• What is the pupil characteristic in uveitis?

  Small, fixed oval pupil
• Why should children with a squint be referred to ophthalmology?

  To assess and manage potential vision issues
• What is used alongside eye drops in acute angle-closure glaucoma management?

  IV acetazolamide
• What should be done for acute glaucoma?

  Admit immediately
• How does acute angle closure glaucoma differ from primary open-angle glaucoma?

  Acute angle closure is associated with hypermetropia
• What does anhydrosis in Horner's syndrome indicate?

  Site of lesion: central, pre-ganglionic, or post-ganglionic
• What are the classic symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

  Miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, +/- anhydrosis
• How can ptosis and pupil size indicate different conditions?

  Ptosis + dilated pupil = third nerve palsy
• What condition is associated with drusen?

  Dry macular degeneration
• What is a risk factor for macular degeneration?

  Smoking
• What type of vision loss is associated with macular degeneration?

  Central field loss
• What is the vision loss associated with primary open-angle glaucoma?

  Peripheral field loss
• What characterizes central retinal vein occlusion?

  Sudden painless loss of vision
• What do flashes and floaters indicate?

  Vitreous/retinal detachment
• What are the symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa?

  Night blindness and tunnel vision
• How does scleritis differ from episcleritis?

  Scleritis is painful, episcleritis is not
• What does Holmes ADIe stand for?

  Dilated pupil, females, absent leg reflexes
• What does subacute unilateral visual loss with eye pain suggest?

  Optic neuritis
• When should individuals with a family history of glaucoma be screened?

  Annually from age 40
• What are key side effects of prostaglandin analogues?

  Increased eyelash length, iris pigmentation
• What does fundoscopy reveal in hypertension?

  End organ damage
• What visual field defects does glaucoma primarily cause?

  Visual field defects
• What condition is suggested by a young woman with high BMI, headache, and visual symptoms?

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
• What characterizes central retinal artery occlusion?

  Sudden painless loss of vision, cherry red spot
• How is acute optic neuritis treated?

  With high dose steroids
• What risk do steroid eye drops pose?

  Can lead to fungal infections
• What is episcleritis associated with?

  Red eye, classically not painful
• How does a meibomian cyst present?

  Firm painless lump in eyelid
• What does herpes simplex keratitis show on fluorescein eye stain?

  Dendritic ulcer
• What cataract type may be associated with steroid use?

  Subcapsular cataracts
• How does pain distinguish scleritis from episcleritis?

  Scleritis is painful, episcleritis is not
• What is the first-line treatment for a stye?

  Regular warm steaming
• What are features of Grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy?

  Tortuosity and silver wiring
• What does papilloedema indicate on fundoscopy?

  Blurring of optic disc margin
• What is optic neuritis associated with?

  Relative afferent pupillary defect
• How can orbital cellulitis be differentiated from preseptal cellulitis?

  By reduced visual acuity, proptosis, and pain
• What does 'red desaturation' indicate?

  Affects color vision in optic neuritis
• What distinguishes scleritis as a cause of red eye?

  It is classically painful
• What are the symptoms of anterior uveitis?

  Painful red eye, photophobia, small pupil