Paeds

• Where do dermoid cysts commonly occur?

  At sites of embryonic fusion
• What is the typical age group for dermoid cysts?

  They occur most often in children
• When can children with chickenpox return to school?

  When all lesions are dry and crusted
• What is the first-line treatment for constipation in children?

  Macrogols (e.g. Movicol)
• What are two complications of congenital rubella?

  Sensorineural deafness and congenital cataracts
• What type of conditions are autosomal recessive conditions typically classified as?

  Metabolic conditions
• What are exceptions to the classification of autosomal recessive conditions?

  Inherited ataxias
• What type of conditions are autosomal dominant conditions typically classified as?

  Structural conditions
• What are exceptions to the classification of autosomal dominant conditions?

  Gilbert's and hyperlipidaemia type II
• When does NICE recommend APGAR scores to be assessed?

  At 1 and 5 minutes of age
• What is a common presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

  Scaphoid abdomen due to herniation
• What is a poor prognostic factor for congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

  The presence of the liver in the thoracic cavity
• What can be expected in the first 10 minutes of life regarding SpO2 readings?

  Suboptimal SpO2 readings can be expected
• Which virus accounts for most cases of croup?

  Parainfluenza virus
• What pathogen is most commonly associated with bronchiolitis?

  Respiratory syncytial virus
• What is the recommended treatment for croup regardless of severity?

  A single dose of oral dexamethasone
• What condition increases the risk of endocarditis?

  Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• What is the typical outcome for children with non-IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy?

  Most will be milk tolerant by age 3
• How might an older child with missed developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) present?

  With a Trendelenburg gait and leg length discrepancy
• What is the first-line investigation for DDH in a child over 4.5 months?

  X-ray
• What condition are nasal polyps associated with?

  Cystic fibrosis
• What serious condition can cystic fibrosis lead to?

  Diabetes mellitus
• What is a risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

  Female sex
• What male reproductive issue is associated with cystic fibrosis?

  Absent vas deferens leading to infertility
• Why should a throat examination not be performed on a patient with croup?

  Due to risk of airway obstruction
• What does the presence of grunting in bronchiolitis indicate?

  Immediate referral to hospital is necessary
• During which season is croup more common?

  Autumn months
• How often should chest physiotherapy be performed in cystic fibrosis management?

  At least twice daily
• How can congenital heart disease affect bronchiolitis?

  It can cause bronchiolitis to be more severe
• What is the most common childhood leukaemia?

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
• What are the typical blood findings in ALL?

  Anaemia, neutropaenia, and thrombocytopaenia
• What is a common gastrointestinal symptom of cystic fibrosis?

  Steatorrhoea due to fat malabsorption
• What is the Barlow manoeuvre used for?

  Attempted dislocation of a newborn's femoral head
• What is the first-line treatment for ADHD?

  Methylphenidate
• What is a poor prognostic factor in ALL?

  Male sex
• What is the peak incidence age for ALL?

  2-5 years
• What complications can acute lymphoblastic leukaemia present with?

  Haemorrhagic or thrombotic complications due to DIC
• What is caput succedaneum?

  A puffy swelling over the presenting part
• What is a characteristic feature of achondroplasia?

  Trident hands
• What is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in newborns?

  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia