Physical landscapes in the uk

• Management Strategy


  cliff drainage

  rock groynes

  riprap/rock armour
• was it successful?


  rate of erosion decreased

  an older development will be lost 10-20 years due costal erosion
• stakeholders


  residents of highcliff

  residents of barton on sea

  business owners
• waves are formed by

  wind blowing over the sea

  friction with the surface of the water
• Constructive waves


  The swash is stronger than the backwash therefore the material is moved up the beach and much is left there.
• destructive waves


  The backwash is stronger than the swash therefore material is dragged back down the beach and moved along the coast.
• mechanical weathering


  the breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by physical
• chemical weathering


  The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
• biological weathering


  breakdown of rocks by living things
• hard engineering coasts examples

  rip rap

  gabions

  sea wall

  groynes
• rip rap


  large boulders dumped at the bottom of the cliff and absorbs wave energy-cant be moved
• gabions


  cages of rocks which absorb the wave energy

  + cheap and efficient

  - cages rust and short life span
• sea wall


  A concrete wall which aims to prevent erosion of the coast by providing a barrier which reflects wave energy.

  + prevents erosion

  - expensive 5-10k
• groynes


  trap the sediment moved by longshore drift

  +cheap

  - unnatural and rock groynes are unattractive
• examples of soft engineering coasts

  beach nourishment

  dunes regeneration

  dune fencing
• beach nourishment


  dumping new sand onto eroding beaches to restore them

  + wider beaches

  - taking material can kill organisms
• dune regeneration


  creating new dunes

  + absorbs wave and storm energy

  - time consuming
• Dune fencing


  fences are constructed around the dunes

  + limits the access

  - needs regular maintained
• cave to a stack

  
• solution


  dissolving soluble rock
• corrasion


  Fragments of rock are picked up and hurled by the sea at a cliff
• Abrasion


  the sandpaper effect
• attrition


  fragments carried by the sea knock against each other
• hydraulic power


  Trapped air forced into holes cracks rock
• traction


  rock roll along the sea bed
• saltation


  Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the sea bed
• suspension


  carried by the sea
• Hydralic action (erosion)


  air gets in the cracks and gets trapped and causes to break apart
• attrition


  material carried by the river banging against eachother
• Abrasion


  material carried by the river wears at the river bank and bed
• solution


  material soluble by the water is dissolved into the water
• social causes of floods

  lack of vegetation

  downhill ploughing
• economic causes of flooding

  deforestation

  building on flood plains
• environmental causes of flooding

  sudden heavy rainfall

  impermeable rock
• soft engineering methods for rivers

  planting trees

  flood plain restrictions
• Hard engineering methods for rivers

  damn and reservoirs

  flood relief channels
• Dams and reservoirs explain

  Built across the river and can be used to generate hydroelectric power but expensive
• Flood relief channels


  Used to do diverts the excess water if the water level gets too

  high gates are used to control the release of water but increases the discharge for the relief channel rejoins the river
• Saltation


  Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed
• Suspension


  Rocks carried by the river