Human Intentional Change (Holderness)

• Since Roman times at least 29 villages have been lost
• Coast has retreated 4km
• Bay made of boulder clay, less resistant due to primary permeability
• Flamborough Head made of chalk
• In 1991, rock armour and groynes in Mappleton costing £1.9 million protected the road
• No coastal defences for the 80-90 people who live in Kilnsea
• Mappleton given £3 million in 1992 due to main north to south road possibly being lost
• Trade and emergency transport would have been affected if the main north to south road was lost
• Withernsea attracts tourists, so recurved sea wall built costing £10,000 per metre
• 50 properties in Mappleton experience 2m of erosion each year
• Cliff face seeded with grass to reduce erosion from the rain
• Spurn should be protected due to lifeboat men living here, and it is important for birds
• Low economic activity in Kilnsea so should it have been protected?
• Kilnsea now completely lost to the sea despite sea defences built in the early 1900s
• In 50 years, 30cm of the Holderness coastline will be lost