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Biology
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Cards (69)
Nervous system
One of the ways that different parts of our body
communicate
with each other
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Parts of the nervous system
Central nervous system
(
brain
and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system
(cranial nerves and
other nerves throughout the body
)
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How nerves work
1.
Receptor
(sensory organ) detects
stimulus
2.
Sensory
neuron transmits signal
3.
Relay
neuron transmits signal to
brain
4.
Motor
neuron transmits signal to
effector
(muscle or gland)
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Neuron
Main body, axon (long tail),
dendrites
(hair-like connections to other neurons)
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Myelin sheath
Fatty sheath
around the
axon
that speeds up signal transmission
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Synapse
Gap
between neurons where
neurotransmitters
transmit signals
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Stimulants and
depressants
Drugs
that speed up or slow down
neurotransmitter
transmission
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Reflex
Reaction that
bypasses
the brain, going straight from
receptor
to effector
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Measuring reaction time
1.
Grab ruler
when dropped
2.
Repeat
with
different
stimuli (audible, distractions)
3.
Repeat
after
drinking
sugary drink
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Parts of the brain
Cerebral cortex
(controls motor functions)
Cerebrum
(controls some motor functions)
Medulla oblongata
(controls reflex functions like breathing)
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Contralateral
Nerves
cross as they enter the
brain
, so right side of brain controls left side of body and vice versa
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Eye
Light
hits cornea, then pupil (controlled by
iris
), then lens, then focuses on retina (rods and cones)
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Accommodation
Lens
changing
thickness
to focus on distant or close objects
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Long-sightedness
Lens
not powerful enough to focus on close objects, needs
glasses
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Endocrine system glands
Pituitary
Thyroid
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Adrenal
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Insulin regulation
1.
Pancreas
makes
insulin
2. Insulin tells
liver
to store
excess glucose
3.
Liver
releases
glucose
when blood sugar is low
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Diabetes
Pancreas can't make enough
insulin
, leading to
high blood sugar
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Menstrual cycle
1.
FSH
from pituitary stimulates ovary to make
estrogen
2. LH from
pituitary
triggers
egg release
3. Empty follicle makes
progesterone
to inhibit
FSH
and LH
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Thermoregulation
Controlling
internal
body
temperature
of 37°C
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Cooling mechanisms
1.
Sweating
and
evaporation
2. Hairs standing up to
trap air
(
goosebumps
)
3. Blood vessels
dilating
to
release heat
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Warming mechanisms
Blood vessels constricting
to retain
heat
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Hypothalamus
Part of
brain
that detects and regulates
body temperature
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Water control
1. Kidneys remove
urea
and water to make
urine
2.
Urine
stored in
bladder
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Contraception methods
Physical
(e.g. condoms)
Hormonal
(e.g. pill, patch)
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Fertility treatments
1.
Artificial insemination
2.
In-vitro fertilization
3.
FSH
and
LH therapy
4.
Surrogacy
5.
Egg donation
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Ethical questions around
fertility
treatments like
IVF
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Plant hormones
Auxins
(promote/inhibit growth)
Ethene
(ripens fruit)
Gibberellins
(promote flowering, increase fruit size)
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How auxins work
1. In shoots, auxin collects on
bottom
due to
light
, causing upward growth (positive phototropism)
2. In roots, auxin collects on
bottom
due to
gravity
, inhibiting growth and causing downward growth (positive geotropism)
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Reproduction methods
Asexual
(cell cloning)
Sexual
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Auxin
A chemical that can make cells
elongate
or stop them from elongating, used as a
weedkiller
and rooting powder
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Ethene
A
chemical
that can be used to
ripen
fruits
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Gibberellins
Chemicals
that promote flowering and make fruit size
bigger
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How
auxin
works
1. If in the shoot,
light
destroys it so it collects on the bottom side, making the stem grow upwards (
positive phototropism
)
2. If in the
root
, it collects on the
bottom
side, inhibiting growth and making the root bend downwards
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Methods of reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
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Asexual reproduction
A cell is cloned, no genetic variation between parents and offspring (
mitosis
)
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Sexual reproduction
Gametes
(haploid cells) join to form a
diploid
cell (meiosis)
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DNA
A
polymer
with 4 bases (A, T, C, G) that code for
amino
acids and proteins
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Protein synthesis
DNA is
unzipped
, RNA copies the code and takes it to the ribosome, ribosome puts amino acids in the correct order to make a
protein
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Genome
All the
DNA
in an organism
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Gene
Part of
DNA
that codes for a certain
protein
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