Gender and identity

• AoS: media- symbolic annihilation

  • feeling unrepresented
  • ->> no role models= less aspirations + accept inferiority
  • eval: ^accessibility in media= more opportunity to create role model and representation
• AoS: family- acknowledging sex

  • internalise how they are being treated differently eg. verbal appellation
  • accept this physical difference as innate to their identity
  • eval: Parson->> sex role theory
• AoS: media- objectification (Oakley)

  • dehumanised->> feeling inferior
  • also feel the need to be validating by taking on an objectified gender identity
  • eval: both men and women are objectified
• AoS: family- canalisation (Oakley)

  • learn certain toys, colours, etc. are better suited to certain gender
  • learn to padner towards what they are supposed to like based on their gender
  • eval: gender lines are blurring
• AoS: family- manipulation (Oakley)

  • diverging from gender norms are treated as wrong->> may even have consequences
  • ->> reaffirms the importance of conformity
  • eval: func.->> this conformity creates social cohesion
• AoS: all AoS- toxic masculinity/ hegemonic masculinity

  • aggressive, discriminatory behaviour taught to be masculine for a young age
  • paired with eg canalisation= desire to pander towards the gender identities
  • eval: agr->> rise in Red Pill content
• AoS: education- crisis of masculinity (Mac an Ghaill)

  • feminisation of masculinity= less role models, less rigid or specific gender roles
  • eval: agr:->> rise in Red Pill content
• AoS: workplace- glass ceiling

  defeat in being able to see one's goals but not being able to access them

  eval: concrete ceiling (race + gender)
• AoS: family, ed., workplace- verbal appellation (Oakley)

  belittling language on girls->> learn to be less driven, more fit for domestic use

  eval: gender roles blurring

  -agr->> 'not that deep' agenda
• View of liberal feminists

  patriarchy internalised through policy and affects all->> just want equality
• View of radical feminists

  • needs to be a forceful movement against deep-rooted patriarchal structures
  • acknowledge biological differences but attribute more blame to societal structures
  • legal equality is not enough
• View of marxist feminists

  • discrimination is also class based
  • w/c women have a worse experience of the patriarchy than m/c
• View of triple feminists

  oppression due to race, class, gender->> intersectionality
• View of PM feminists

  fluidity in gender + non-binary
• Reasons for the decline in gender identities

  • Pick and mix (Lyotard)
  • Individualism (PM)
  • Policies targeting equality eg Sex Disc. Act
  • Negotiated identities (Interactionalist)->> behaviour changing on who we interact with
  • Non-binary views around gender more widely considered
• McRobbie (Bedroom Culture)

  girls being confined to rooms create 'ideal' gender indentities->> more submissive, complicit in their inferiority, tailored fro domestic preference and labour
• Sharpe and gender identities

  gender more acquainted with the idea of freedom, independence->> due to the ability to work and financial autonomy

  ->> more weary of marriage

  suggests more a move towards equality