Chemistry

• Mass spec steps 


  Vaporization, Ionisation, Acceleration, Deflection and Detection
• AAS Ananlytical Techniques


  Flame Emission and Absorption
• AAS relies on 


  Electron transfer between energy levels
• Flame Emission Test 


  Releases energy as a photon of light
• Atomic Absorption


  Absorbs energy
• Sub levels


  s, p, d and f
• Aufbau rule


  Electrons fill lowest energy first
• Hunds 


  Electrons fill single before doubling (do not share)
• Pauli Exclusion 


  Electrons oppose if they have to share
• Exceptions for electron configuration

  Chromium and Copper
• Trend: Ionisation Energy


  ^ >
• Trend: Electronegativity 


  ^ >
• Trend: Atomic Radius 


  v <
• Trend: Nuclear charge


  ^ >
• BAA


  Basic Amphoteric Acidic
• Isotopes


  Same element, different neutrons
• Isotope properties (e, chem, phys)


  Same electron configuration, similiar chemical, different physical
• Pure substances types


  Elements, compounds
• Heterogenous vs Homogeneous


  Homo = same, Hetero = diff
• Ionic with


  metal + nonmetal
• Convalent with


  non + non
• Strong bond means stronger intermolecular force, therefore greater melting and boiling points
• Ionic properties 


  Strong bonds

  High melting and boiling

  Conducts liquid

  Hard
• Metallic properties 


  Strong bond

  High melting and boiling

  Conducts always

  Hard and soft
• Convalent Properties


  Weak

  Low melting and boiling

  No conductivity

  Soft
• Layer Properties


  Weak

  No conductivity
• Network Properties


  Strong bond

  High melting and boiling

  Conduct solid
• Heat vs Temperature 


  Heat is a form of energy, Temperature is the kinetic energy of particles
• Exothermic releases excess energy (-)
• Endothermic absorbs energy (+)
• Factors that can affect rate of reaction

  Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Surface area, pressure and catalyst
• For a reaction to occur, particles must: collide, have sufficient energy and have correct orientation
• Activation energy 


  Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
• Acid + Base


  Salt + H2O
• Acid + Carbonate


  Salt + H2O + CO2
• Acid + Metal


  Salt + H2
• Acid + Metal Oxide 


  Salt + H2O
• 4 kinetic gas rulesand proportions


  Boyle: PV = PV, inv

  Charles: V/T = V/T, pro

  GayIssac: P/T = P/T, pro

  Avagrado: V/N = V/N, pro
• Like dissolves Like
• Mobile phase


  High affinity to mobile, little absorption to stationary