Introduction to the human body L2

• FLG211: INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
• DR ROSS ANDERSON
• DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
• WHAT WE ARE GOING TO COVER

  • Basic anatomy
  • Body cavities
  • Organs and tissues
• The majority of humans have bodies with similar arrangement of body parts
• There is substantial biological variation across the human species, but most of this is at the individual level
• Humans are diploid (2 copies of each chromosome) eukaryotes (membrane bound nucleus)
• Males and females differ by up to 2% genetically, yet globally, genetic variation within a single sex differs by only 0.2%
• Males on average are 15% heavier and 15 cm (6 in) taller than females
• Art and language are unique to humans
• Humans


  • Bilaterians (bilateral symmetry during development)
  • Most bilaterians have digestive tracts with a separate mouth and anus
  • Most bilaterians are triploblastic with 3 embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
• Classification


  • Membrane enclosed nucleus
  • Has a notochord
  • Dry nosed primate
• Tissues


  • A level of eukaryotic structural organization that lies between individual cells and organs
  • A group of cells that work together to perform a common function
  • Composed of cells, the extracellular matrix and signalling systems
• Not all animals have tissues! Sponges are considered one of the oldest animal phyla and they are multicellular but the cells are not arranged into tissues
• Organs


  • Composed of cells and tissues grouped together to perform a specific function
  • There are five vital organs - brain, heart, kidney, liver, and lungs
  • An organs tissue can be divided into parenchyma (functional tissue) and stroma (connective tissue)

  
• Organs first appear in the simple bilaterians known as platyhelminths, or flatworms
• Organ systems


  • Collections of organs that function together to perform a specific task
  • 11 major organ systems (Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)
• Kidney


  A complex organ that regulates waste, water, mineral and salt balance within your body

  
• Body cavities


  • Fluid-filled spaces in a multicellular organism other than those of vessels (such as blood vessels and lymph vessels)
  • Body cavities contain an organ or multiple organs
• Body cavity linings and fluids

  • Each cavity is lined by membranes that enclose fluid
  • The fluid protects and supports the organs
  • Provides lubrication so the organs can move relative to one another and change in shape/size